Yãk-y n kẽng y sẽn tarã nengẽ

Benin ivory mask

Pãasé tõke
Soolge Wikipidiya
Benin Pendant Masks
traditional African mask, pendant, emblem, sculpture series
Inception16. century Tekre
Movementart of the Kingdom of Benin Tekre
CultureEdo people Tekre
LocationMetropolitan Museum of Art Tekre
Main subjectIdia Tekre
Genreportrait sculpture Tekre
Country of originNigeria Tekre
Commissioned byEsigie Tekre
Made from materialivory Tekre
WilgiriIdia Tekre
Location of creationBenin City Tekre
Fabrication methodivory carving, inlay Tekre
RepresentsFESTAC 77 Tekre
Used byEsigie Tekre

Benin ivory mask yaa nin-puugr sẽn maan ne nin-buiid a Idia, sẽn yaa pipi Iyoba (Rĩm-poak a Maam) sẽn zĩnd Benẽ soolmẽ wã yʋʋm kob-gĩnd piig la a yoob soabã pʋgẽ, n dɩk Afirik nin-puugr sẽn yaa kʋdemdã.[1][2]

B sẽn wa n na n yi n na n tɩ kẽ Bẽnẽ wã, b rɩka b gãongã. B sẽn wa n na n kẽ Bẽnẽ wã, b rɩka b gãongã.[3]

Mask rãmb a yiib sẽn wõnd taaba, b bĩng-b-la British Museum sẽn be Lɔndr la Metropolitan Museum of Art sẽn be Niuyork.[4][5] B yiibã fãa pʋgẽ, b wilgda pag ning sẽn yaa rĩm-poakã sẽn da zãad zug peendã, a sẽn da zãad peendã ne a nugã, la a sẽn da zãad peendã ne a nengã, la a sẽn da zãad peendã ne a nengã, la a sẽn da zãad peendã ne a nengã, la a sẽn da zãad peendã ne a nengã, la a sẽn da zãad peendã ne a nengã.[6] Sẽn nan yɩll tɩ b lebs-a Nizɛɛr yʋʋmd 2022 wã, a Linden Museum sẽn be Alemaynã ra tara mas-kãng a bĩngrã pʋgẽ. Sẽn paase, b leb n tara mask sẽn wõnd woto Seattle Art Museum wã pʋgẽ, la a yembr sẽn be neb a taab nengẽ.[7][8][9] Sẽn yɩɩd fãa, British Museum makrã lebga Nizɛɛr rũndã-rũndã ninsabls tẽnsa bõn-vɩɩga, sẽn sɩng ne FESTAC 77, sẽn yaa Afirik ninsabls tẽnsa bõn-vɩɩg tigr sẽn zĩnd Lagos, Nizɛɛr yʋʋmd 1977, sẽn yãk tɩ b maan ninsabls tẽnsa bõn-vɩɩg sẽn yaa a Erhabor Emokpae sẽn maan ne maskã.[10][11]

Sɩngri

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Benẽ soolem

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Yʋʋm kob-gĩnd piig la a yoob soabã sɩngrẽ, a Esigie sẽn da tar pãng wʋsgã rɩka naam Bɛnin soolmẽ wã, n lebg Edo nin-buiidã Oba. A wa n dɩka naam tɩ Portigall tẽn-kẽesdbã sɩng n na n tɩ yãnd ne empɛɛrã. Rom soolmã ra koosda zũud ne na-rɩt-n-bõonesã, na-rɩt-n-bõonesã, tẽn-kãng teedã la yembsã n dɩkd zũudã la corallã. A Esigie kẽe zab-bɛd a yiib pʋsẽ. Pipi, a ba-biigã zabame n na n soog a Esigie sẽn yaa bi-kãsengã. Yiib-n-soaba, a Esigie tõogame n zab ne Igala soolmã sẽn da be rɩtgã, n yõk b naabã.[12][13] A Esigie kõo a ma a Idia, sẽn da yaa a politikã la a yel-maandgã sagend-kãseng a makrã sasa, tʋʋl-kãseng sẽn boond tɩ Iyoba (Rĩm-poak ma) ⁇ a pipi soab sẽn yaa pag-poak ma sagend-n-taasã.[14] Yaa Oba Akenzua a yiib-n-soabã n wilg t'a yaa a Idii.[15]

B sẽn maand maandã

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A Oba sẽn yaa Benẽ naabã ra tʋmda ne a nin-buiidã sẽn boond tɩ Igbesanmwan, sẽn yaa nin-tũusds sẽn maand na-yãgbo la raadã. B tʋʋmda ra yaa sẽn na n yɩll n kõ b naaba, sẽn kẽed ne rũngã kõbdo la ninsabls tẽnsa sẽn da be ninsabls tẽnsa pʋgẽ wã.[16] Sẽn ta bãmb a yiib n be ne Portiigaal-rãmba (la b sẽn da be Portiigaal-rãmba wakatẽ wã, b ra pa le be ye)[17][18] la woto, b tõe n maana bãmb wakatẽ wã, a Esigie sẽn da wa n dɩt naam yʋʋm kob-gĩnd 16 soabã sɩngrẽ wã (sẽn tõe n yɩ yʋʋmd 1520 sẽnese),[19] wall a Idia vɩɩmã wakate, bɩ a kũumã poor bilfu.[20] Masã-rãmbã sẽn wõnd taabã wilgdame tɩ yaa wa yaa ned a yembr n naan-b wakat a yembre. [21] B bilã zemsa ne sẽn tõe n mak-b ne sẽn tõe n mak-b ne sẽn maan-b nag-kẽeng la kʋɩl-koom b sẽn maan wakat kãng pʋgẽ, [22] sẽn yaa wakat ning sẽn sɩng ne Benẽ wã, sẽn yaa wakat ning b sẽn lagem taab ne Ife wã bɩ Yoruba wã.[23][24] B sẽn da yiisd bõn-yood sẽn yit Benin wã ra yaa sẽn na yɩl tɩ Oba wã rɩk-b n maan yel-maandɩ.[25] B tõe n da rɩkda bũudã n maand bũmb toor-toor wala Ugie Iyoba, sẽn yaa Oba ma wã tẽegr, la Emobo yɩlgr ceremony sẽn na yɩl n dig zĩn-dãmbã tẽngã pʋgẽ.[26][27][28] B rɩkda a Emobo mask-rãmb sẽn wõnd woto n maand zamaan-kãngã Emobo maandã sẽn tik sɩɩs wẽns zutã, baa ne Emobo minimã sẽn tõe n toeem hal pĩnd wẽndẽ wã.[29] Bãngdb kẽer pa wʋm taab sẽn na n yɩlẽ n bãng b sẽn da rɩkd b nengã to-to wã ye. La b pa wʋmd b sẽn da rɩkd b nengã to-to wã ye.[30] British Museum lɛtrã bãngd a William Fagg yeelame tɩ sẽn yaa lebend ne zũudã zũud-bilã sẽn da be zũudẽ wã, rĩm-dãmb nins sẽn be rũndã-rũndã wã sẽn da tarã, yaa wa b ra rɩkda rũngã zũudã n gãndg b yãoogã. A Fagg tags-kãngã zemsa ne a sẽn maan a mask sẽn wõnd woto yʋʋmd 1830 wã, a naab a ye sẽn da zãad a maskã. Sẽn tũ ne b sẽn gãneg b nao wã, Metropoliitẽ wã yel-gɛt a Alisa LaGamma me sak n deegame. [31] Benẽ bãngd la ninsaalb bãngd a Paula Ben-Amos gʋlsa tɩ b ra rɩkda bũudã n ningd b sɛɛgẽ, Ugie Iyoba la Emobo wã wakatẽ. [ ^ sull 12 Tõe tɩ b ra ningda nin-gɛtg nins sẽn da be b nugẽ wã tɩ b ningd bõn-bãn n ningd-ba.[32] Sẽn be zũndgã zug la b sẽn boond tɩ crotal bellsã.[33]

Bilgr la võor wʋmb

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B sẽn maan-b ne we-rũngã, yaa wogdo, la b yaa wa yãoogo, la b wẽe-b-la sõma, n kolg wa b sẽn pa tõe n yã ye. B sẽn boond tɩ British Museum la Metropolitan wã me tara bõn-yood b sẽn maan ne b zoobdã la b zugã. Yĩn-vɩʋʋg fãa sẽn getẽ wã, b ningda kut b sẽn ning a nin-biisẽ wã la a nin-yẽesẽ wã, tɩ nin-yẽesã sẽn beẽ wã lebgd bilfu. B sẽn da rɩkd n ningd bõn-yoodã to-to wã ra yaa toor ne Erop nebã sẽn da rɩkd n ningd bõn-yoodã to-to wã. Sẽn yɩɩd ninã, yaa nin-bãan-bãan-bãan a naasã la b sẽn boond tɩ Bɛnin pagbã. Yɩl-y n ges tɩ nin-yend ne a to fãa yaa toore, la tɩ yaa sõma. B no-goamã welgame, b zũudã yalgame bilf-bilfu, la b zoobdã yaa kãn-kãe, tɩ b zoobd-n-mikã yaa bilf-bilfu, la b zoobdã yaa tɩrga. B sẽn da ningd nin-vɩʋʋg n wilgd tɩ b yaa nin-tɩrsã ra wilgda b sẽn da minim n maand bũmb ning Oba wã nin-vɩʋʋgdbã sẽn da maandã, la b sẽn da minim n maand bũmb ning Bénin pĩnd wẽndẽ wã.[34]

Pag sẽn tar pãng wʋsgo

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Pagbã sẽn be be wã yaa bũmb sẽn pa wae n be Bẽninã,[35] baa ne a Idia sẽn yaa "pag a ye sẽn kẽ zabrã" sẽn yaa bũmb sẽn yaa toor ne a taabã, la b sẽn boond-a tɩ Iyoba bɩ rĩm-poak ma wã yaa a yĩnga.[36] A sẽn da ningd a zugã yaa a ukpe-okhue ("parrot's beak") fuugã a sẽn da tarã, la b yãt-a-la vẽeneg rĩm-poak a Idii bronze zugẽ wã. 30] Korallã sẽn tar yõod wʋsg sẽn be zuloeesã zug la b sẽn gãneg-a wã yaa wa zuloees sẽn yaa zulumsi, tɩ b boond tɩ ileke ("royal") sẽn yaa zu-zẽkr b sẽn kõ rĩm-poak a Maamã t'a yeelge, sẽn nong n yaa Oba wã la Edogunã (rɩt-n-soabã).[37] Linden Museum masĩn me tara ikiele sẽn yaa korallã sẽn kẽed a taoorã.[38] B sẽn da yãkd bũudã ne fu-miuugã n maand taoor dãmbã, rũndã-rũndã, b tũuda ne-b n maand Edo nebã futã. B ra gʋlsa b neng fãa zugu, ne gãndg a naase, la b ra gʋlsa ne kut b sẽn maan ne kutã, n wilg b sẽn maan bũmb ningã. B leb n tũnugda ne kutã n maand nin-biis la nin-tũusdsã.[39]

Tʋʋmd bãnd

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Zĩ-kãnga la rũnna wã, na-kẽengã makda arzɛkã, pãn-tõogã la yɩlemdã. Na-kẽengã sẽn da zoe n yaa arzɛk sẽn tar yõod wʋsg Afirik soolmẽ wã, a lebga bũmb b sẽn nong n yɩɩd ne Erop na-kẽengã. B sẽn kʋ kʋɩlem Benẽ wã, a Oba paama kʋɩlem a yembr n kõ-a, la b kõ-a a to wã n na n koos-a. Woto, Oba wã ra tara tãnsob-n-soods wʋsgo, la b ra soonda na-kẽengã. Rɩt-n-soodã bee ne ko-kãsengã Edo orisha, a Olokun. A sẽn kõt arzɛk la rogem, a yaa wa a Benẽ Oba wã sẽn be zĩn-dãmbã dũniyã pʋgẽ wã. B sẽn kõ rũngã ligdã yaa wa a Olokun sẽn kõ rũngã ligdã, bala a kɩtame tɩ Portiigaall koosdbã lebg n wa ne ligdã n kõ Bẽnẽ. Portiigaliz rãmba ra yaa Olokun rãmba, b sẽn da yi mogrã n wa wã yĩnga. Zĩigã sẽn yaa kʋɩl-bɛdã leb n wilgdame tɩ b makda krak-pɛɛlgã sẽn yaa kʋɩl-bɛdã, b sẽn boond tɩ Olokunã.[40]

A tiara wã la a gãndgã sẽn be zĩig ningã makda Portiwgal neba zut sẽn yaa bõonese, Metã la British Museum wã makr tiara wã pʋgẽ, ne neb piig la a ye sẽn be British Museum maskã pʋgẽ, la Metã maskã pʋgẽ, neb a yopoe sẽn yaa Portiwgal neba sẽn tekd taab ne zĩm sẽn tar bãong n makd a yoobã, sẽn yaa Afirik nin-buiidã sẽn be Afirik nin-buiidẽ wã. Portigã rãmba, sẽn da wa n ta tẽn-kãnga ka kaoosã ra yaa naam la arzɛk mak-n-taag ne na-rɩtba. B sẽn da maand b nin-vɩɩsã yaa b sẽn da tar zoob-wogdo, b sẽn da tar zũnzũri (sẽn nong n yaa wa b sẽn da tar zũnzũri), la b sẽn da tar b gãndgo. A Barbara Blackmun sẽn yaa Bẽnẽ wã bãngd sẽn kẽed ne tʋʋm-noy nins sẽn kẽed ne kʋdemdã wɛɛngẽ wã wilgame tɩ yaa sẽn na n wilg t'a Idia tõog n zãa Portiigaal tẽnga ne a biiga sõngr yĩnga. Bõn-naands nins sẽn da be Bẽnẽ rĩmã sɛbã pʋgẽ wã ra yaa bũmb sẽn da wae, la b ra wilgdame tɩ Oba wã ra yaa wẽnde. Edõ nebã ra tẽedame tɩ malɛgsã rʋʋgda mogrã n kẽngd kũum poore, tɩ b nanambsã vɩ wa wẽnnaam dãmba. B sẽn yaa bõn-vɩɩs sẽn tõe n vɩɩmd tẽn-gãongã la mogrã pʋgẽ wã yĩnga, b ra makda yiib-n-soabã sẽn yaa tɩlae ne taoor soab n na n maan a yaoolem so-toakã, la yiib-n-soabã makda Portiigaal-rãmbã sẽn yaa koom-kogendbã me. B sẽn boond tɩ mudfishã me bee Linden Museum masĩnã zug tɩ b tõe n yã-a, tɩ masĩn ning sẽn be b sãandã pʋgẽ wã me tar liuuli, sẽn da be Seattle Art Museum masĩnã zug me. B sẽn ningd mas-rãmbã me yaa toor ne b sẽn maand to-to wã. Metã makrã zug me, yaa Portiigaal neb piig la a ye n be a zugẽ wã, tɩ British Museum maskã zug me, yaa guilloché sẽn yaa bũmb sẽn pa tõe n bãng ye.[41]

B sẽn yitẽ

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Yʋʋmd 1897 wã, b sẽn wa n na n sɩbg neb nins sẽn da be Bɛninã, Britani nebã wʋka bõn-yood sẽn wõnd taab sẽn da be a Oba roogã gãagẽ. A Ralph Moor sẽn da yaa b nin-buiidã taoor soabã rɩka mas-rãmb a yiibã sẽn yaa sõma n yɩɩdã, tɩ rẽ poore, Ãngeletɛɛr antropolog a Charles Gabriel Seligman wa n tigim-ba, n tall-b n kẽng Londr Musée de l'Humanité wã (sẽn yaa British Museum masã) la New York Musée des arts primitifsã (sẽn yaa Metropolitan Museum of Art masã). B rɩka mas-rãmb a yiib n paase, tɩ b be Seattle Art Museum (sẽn da yaa logtoɛɛmbã taoor soab a Robert Allman) la Linden Museum sẽn be Stuttgart (sẽn da yaa W. D A Webster la a Augustus Pitt Rivers), la a Henry Galway yagensã sẽn da tigimd b mensã tara a yembr me. 9] B yãe mas-rãmb a nu bɩ a yoob sẽn yaa wa woto b gãag-kãseng pʋgẽ yʋʋmd 1897 a Oba Ovonramwen, sẽn da yaa Benin naaba gãag-roogẽ. B rɩka-b-la wakat ning Burkĩna nin-buiida sẽn da be sũ-sãoong wʋsg pʋgẽ Bẽnini wã so-toak ning b sẽn maan yʋʋmd 1897 wã sasa, b yõoga Oba wã la Bẽnini wã ma-bi-poakã na-yirã bugum, la b wʋka na-kɩɩms tusr sẽn da be b yaab-rãmbã tẽn-kugrã, b rotã la b teedã b sẽn da bĩng zĩisẽ wã. B koos-b-la wʋsg Ãngeletɛɛr tẽngã, n kõ tẽns nins sẽn be yaangã tẽn-kugrã la b tigsdbã sẽn na yɩl n yao so-toakã ligdi. British Museumã sẽn da tar bũudã, b ra n daa-a-la yʋʋmd 1910 ne Britanik antropolog a Prof Charles Gabriel Seligman. A sẽn da maan-a wã yaa a Nelson Rockefeller kũuni, a sẽn da paam-a 1972 wã. A sẽn wa n mik tɩ Metropoliitãn Muze wã pa wilg t'a nonga Precolumbianã lɛtrã, a lugla Museum of Primitive Art yʋʋmd 1954. Zĩ-kãnga ra tigma tʋʋm-noy sẽn na n sõng-b tɩ b bãng b minimã, la b pa bãng b sẽn yaa ninsabls tẽnsa rãmb ye. A Robert Goldwater sẽn da yaa Queens College bãngd sẽn kẽed ne tʋʋm-noyã wɛɛngẽ wã lebga a taoor soaba, la a kõ sagls sẽn kẽed ne tʋʋm-noy nins b sẽn da segd n paamã. A sẽn da wa n na n bao n na n wa paam a sẽn da tẽed tɩ yẽ n da segd n maan bũmb nins fãa sẽn na yɩl n paam a sẽn da tẽedã, yɩɩ yʋʋmd 1957 wã tɛka. A yeelame tɩ yaa "bõn-kãng buud sẽn yaa sõma n yɩɩdã la b sẽn mi, la tɩ b pa na n tol n yã a to ye". A Goldwater gʋlsame tɩ maskã ra yaa sõma n yɩɩd a sẽn wõnd a to wã, sẽn tar yʋʋre, la sẽn be British Museumã nengẽ wã. A ra reng n yeelame tɩ maskã na n kɩtame tɩ b maneg n ges b sɛbã sẽn yaa to-to wã, la b wilg-a wakat fãa, tɩ zems ne Musée d'Art Moderne wã sẽn boond tɩ Sleeping Gypsy wã (1897) a Henri Rousseau sẽn maanã. A Rockefeller ra tara maskã ne ligd sẽn yaa toog wʋsgo, la a wilg-a-la yʋʋmd 1958 bõn-bɩʋʋng kiuugã. B sẽn da wa n koosã kɩtame tɩ b ra tẽedame tɩ musée wã segd n talla tʋʋm-noy sẽn yaa sõma wʋsgo.[42][43]

B sẽn bas-a wã A sẽn da maan-a wã yaa a Nelson Rockefeller kũuni, a sẽn da paam-a 1972 wã. A sẽn wa n mik tɩ Metropoliitãn Muze wã pa wilg t'a nonga Precolumbianã lɛtrã, a lugla Museum of Primitive Art yʋʋmd 1954. Zĩ-kãnga ra tigma tʋʋm-noy sẽn na n sõng-b tɩ b bãng b minimã, la b pa bãng b sẽn yaa ninsabls tẽnsa rãmb ye. A Robert Goldwater sẽn da yaa Queens College bãngd sẽn kẽed ne tʋʋm-noyã wɛɛngẽ wã lebga a taoor soaba, la a kõ sagls sẽn kẽed ne tʋʋm-noy nins b sẽn da segd n paamã. A sẽn da wa n na n bao n na n wa paam a sẽn da tẽed tɩ yẽ n da segd n maan bũmb nins fãa sẽn na yɩl n paam a sẽn da tẽedã, yɩɩ yʋʋmd 1957 wã tɛka.


A yeelame tɩ yaa "bõn-kãng buud sẽn yaa sõma n yɩɩdã la b sẽn mi, la tɩ b pa na n tol n yã a to ye". A Goldwater gʋlsame tɩ maskã ra yaa sõma n yɩɩd a sẽn wõnd a to wã, sẽn tar yʋʋre, la sẽn be British Museumã nengẽ wã. A ra reng n yeelame tɩ maskã na n kɩtame tɩ b maneg n ges b sɛbã sẽn yaa to-to wã, la b wilg-a wakat fãa, tɩ zems ne Musée d'Art Moderne wã sẽn boond tɩ Sleeping Gypsy wã (1897) a Henri Rousseau sẽn maanã. A Rockefeller ra tara maskã ne ligd sẽn yaa toog wʋsgo, la a wilg-a-la yʋʋmd 1958 bõn-bɩʋʋng kiuugã. B sẽn da wa n koosã kɩtame tɩ b ra tẽedame tɩ musée wã segd n talla tʋʋm-noy sẽn yaa sõma wʋsgo.[44]


B sẽn bas-a wã B sẽn boond-a tɩ Bénin Pendant Maskã yaa bõn-naandg sẽn be Bénin wã, la sẽn yɩɩd fãa, b sẽn boond-a tɩ British Museum wã, a bee Nizɛɛr tẽnga Naira bille wã zug yʋʋmd 1973 wã, la b yãk-a lame t'a yɩ Pan-Afrɩkist FESTAC 77 kibsã sẽn yaa kibs sẽn kẽed ne ninsabls tẽnsa, yʋʋmd 1977 wã, tɩ b nong n boond-a tɩ FESTAC Maskã. Nigéria goosneerã pa tõog n paam tɩ b rɩk masĩnã n kõ British Museum ye, la b kosa Edõ ned sẽn boond t'a Erhabor Emokpae t'a rɩk masĩnã n maan masĩn sẽn tall nao a 20 sẽn maan ne zũudã n maan kibsã (sẽn be National Arts Theatre wã hal yʋʋmd 1979). A leb n maana FESTAC bãndga, la a sẽn maan ne masĩnã sẽn yaa bũmb ning sẽn be zũudã la sãnemã la zũudã sẽn pa zem taab zug t'a yaa tã-vẽenemã, la yaa yẽ n naan kibayã sẽn yaa to-to wã. Ned a to sẽn yaa Edõ wã maan-minda, a Felix Idubor, paama tʋʋmd n na n maan nin-mas a yiib sẽn na n maan ne gɩgma sẽn na n yɩ Nizɛɛr tẽngã musée wã yĩnga. B kõ a UNESCO sẽn maan ne zũud sẽn ta kilo 150 yʋʋm 2005. Metã na-bi-poak a Maari sẽn yaa masĩn ning b sẽn gãneg n gãneg b nug-rɩtgã yaa tʋʋm nins b sẽn get n yɩɩdã sʋka. Afrɩk bãngd a Ezio Bassani gʋlsame t'a Met masĩnã ra yaa "sẽn yaa sõma la sẽn tar pãng" ne "nimbãan-nimbãan", la t'a ra tũnugda ne kut la zũud n maand bũmb sẽn yaa "sẽn yaa gũusd la sẽn tʋmd sõma". A gʋlsame tɩ Metropoliitẽ wã la Britɩn-rɩk-n-dãmbã roog maskã ra bee nin-bãaneg nins sẽn be Bẽninã pʋgẽ n yɩɩdã sʋka, la tɩ b maan-a wã ra yaa nin-sõngo, la ned sẽn tar yam. A Kate Ezra gʋlsame tɩ masĩnã sẽn yaa bilgã wilgame t'a yaa "bãng-n-meng la sẽn yaa kãsenga" sẽn kẽed ne Bɛnin sɩl-bɛdã.[45][46]

Karend-y n paase

[tekre | teke sidgem]
  • Bronze Head from Ife
  • Bronze Head of Queen Idia
  • Okukor, a bronze at Jesus College, Cambridge
  • Benin Altar Tusk



Sebtiise

[tekre | teke sidgem]
  1. ↑ https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/318622
  2. ↑ https://africa.si.edu/exhibitions/current-exhibitions/visionary-viewpoints-on-africas-arts/the-raid-on-benin-1897/
  3. ↑ https://africa.si.edu/exhibitions/current-exhibitions/visionary-viewpoints-on-africas-arts/the-raid-on-benin-1897/
  4. ↑ https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/ivory-mask/YwEcUb_gRSUFrw
  5. ↑ http://www.metmuseum.org/collection/the-collection-online/search/318622
  6. ↑ https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/portuguese-pendant-mask-idia-first-queen-mother-benin-cruz
  7. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20170223130119/http://www.lindenmuseum.de/sehen/ausstellungen/afrika/
  8. ↑ https://www.ft.com/content/28b807fe-0bd6-11e0-a313-00144feabdc0
  9. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20171109023223/http://www1.seattleartmuseum.org/eMuseum/code/emuseum.asp?collection=27202&collectionname=WEB:African&style=browse&currentrecord=1&page=collection&profile=objects&searchdesc=WEB:African&newvalues=1&newstyle=single&newcurrentrecord=2
  10. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=YKroJCkhw2EC&pg=PA26
  11. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=YKroJCkhw2EC&pg=PA26
  12. ↑ https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/kingdom-benin
  13. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin_ivory_mask#CITEREFLaGamma2011
  14. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin_ivory_mask#CITEREFLaGamma2011
  15. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin_ivory_mask#CITEREFLaGamma2011
  16. ↑ https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/kingdom-benin
  17. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=Q8PDPDRgO4sC&pg=PP1
  18. ↑ https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=621190&partId=1&people=163890&peoA=163890-1-6&page=1
  19. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=VckaCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA478
  20. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=YKroJCkhw2EC&pg=PA26
  21. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=YKroJCkhw2EC&pg=PA26
  22. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=YKroJCkhw2EC&pg=PA26
  23. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin_ivory_mask#CITEREFBassani1991
  24. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=CgIQc4ng0GoC&pg=PA394
  25. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art
  26. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=YKroJCkhw2EC&pg=PA26
  27. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=ID8Hu-yIXTAC&pg=PA11
  28. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0870994611
  29. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=ID8Hu-yIXTAC&pg=PA11
  30. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=YKroJCkhw2EC&pg=PA26
  31. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=YKroJCkhw2EC&pg=PA26
  32. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=YKroJCkhw2EC&pg=PA26
  33. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=Q8PDPDRgO4sC&pg=PA153
  34. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=YKroJCkhw2EC&pg=PA26
  35. ↑ http://www.metmuseum.org/collection/the-collection-online/search/318622
  36. ↑ http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/pwmn_3/hd_pwmn_3.htm
  37. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=EFI7tr9XK6EC&pg=PA527
  38. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20170307201848/http://raai.library.yale.edu/site/index.php?globalnav=image_detail&image_id=7588
  39. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=VckaCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA478
  40. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=uMv0CAAAQBAJ&pg=PT689
  41. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=6s6QN-rVWcIC&pg=PA119
  42. ↑ https://http://www.metmuseum.org/collection/the-collection-online/search/318622
  43. ↑ https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/art/news/sothebys-cancels-sale-of-looted-benin-mask-2171125.html
  44. ↑ http://metmuseum.org/art/metpublications/The_Nelson_A_Rockefeller_Vision_Bulletin_Summer_2014
  45. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=ID8Hu-yIXTAC&pg=PA11
  46. ↑ http://metmuseum.org/art/metpublications/The_Nelson_A_Rockefeller_Vision_Bulletin_Summer_2014 
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