Fable

fable

literary genre

Subclass of	allegorical story, folk tale
Intended public	child
Practiced by	fabulist

Fable yaa sɛb buud sẽn yaa b sẽn get tɩ yaa kibar sẽn yaa bũmbu, sẽn yaa bẽdg bɩ b sẽn gʋlsd verse, sẽn tar rũms, bõn-vɩɩs sẽn yaa bãnse, tɩɩs, bõn-naands sẽn ka vɩ, bɩ bũmb nins sẽn yaa b mensã sẽn yaa b toor-toorã, la sẽn wilgd wall sẽn wat ne vɩɩm manesem lekoll sẽn yaa to-to, tɩ baasgo, b tõe n paas-a lame tɩ yɩ sõor sẽn yaa bẽnna.

Wõnda yaa toor ne yelbũn sẽn yet tɩ b pa get rũngã, tɩɩsã, bõn-vɩɩs nins sẽn ka vɩ ye, la bũmb nins sẽn be yĩngrã sẽn maand goam bɩ ninsaalbã pãn-tõog a taab ye. Sẽn yaa lebendã, rũmsã kibarã pʋgẽ, b gomda rũmsã sẽn yaa nin-buiidã.

Pa wakat fãa la b ra tõe n bãng b sẽn tũnugd ne-b to-to wã sõma ye. Biiblã sẽn yaa "Tũus-paalgã" pʋgẽ, b lebgda "μῦθος" ("mitos") tɩ "tũusgo" pipi lɛtr ning b sẽn gʋls ne a Tɩmote, a yiib-n-soabã ne a Tɩmote la a Tit la a Pɩɛɛr pipi lɛtrã pʋgẽ.

Dũniyã gill zugu kʋdẽmde

Yaa b sẽn da tar n tar n tarẽ wã. B sẽn da tarẽ wã, b ra pa getẽ tɩ b yaa b sẽn maandẽ ye.Tẽns wʋsg pʋsẽ, b tõe n yãa zab-rãmb b sẽn gʋlsã.

Aesopã la a Aesop tãs-sõngã

A Aesopica bɩ Aesop's Fables wã sẽn yaa bũmb toor-toor sẽn be b sẽn boond tɩ wã pʋgẽ, b sẽn boondẽ tɩ Aesop sẽn yaa yembd Gɛrkã pĩnd wẽndẽ yʋʋmd 550 sẽn deng a Zezi rogmã, yaa bũmb nins sẽn be tẽns a taab sẽn boond tɩ Wẽnde. A Babrius sẽn wa n gʋls a Aesopica wã kɩbayã sẽn be verse pʋgẽ, a yeel tɩ a Aɛlesandr sẽn yaa a Gɛrk naabã, a yeela vẽeneg tɩ "gɛt" a Aɛzes sẽn tall n wilg a "Gɛrk nebã kom-dibli wã" wã yaa "Siri nebã" sẽn naan n naan wa "Nino" (a sẽn da kɩt tɩ b get a Ninivɛ yelle) la a Belos (a sẽn boond t'a Belos wã) wakatẽ wã.B wilgame tɩ Kos la Phormis sẽn yaa a Epicharmus wã yaa pipi rãmb sẽn da wa n naan comic fables wã sʋka. A Aesop kibarã sẽn yaa sõma wʋsg sʋka, yaa "Kõog la Koog-n-taagã", "Tortoise la Hare" la "The Lion and the Mouse".

Yʋʋmd 100 soabã pʋgẽ, a Phaedrus (tõnd sẽn ki yʋʋmd 50 soabã) ra tol n yiisda kibay sẽn yaa latɛnse, la b lebg-b ne a Aesop yʋʋr yĩnga. Baa ne a Phaedrus sẽn gʋlsd a Latini wã sẽn lebg sɛb sẽn yaa sɛb sẽn lebg sɛbã (b sẽn da tall n kẽngd tẽn-kɩrmã pʋgẽ, baa ne Romulus sẽn yaa ned a yembr n kɩt tɩ b get-a wa b sẽn yetã), b sẽn gʋlsd kɩbayã Gɛrk buud-goamẽ wã pa bas ye.

Gɛrk la Rom karen-saamdã sẽn da zãmsd nebã pĩnd wẽndẽ wã, b ra yetame tɩ b ra segd n zãmsda b karen-biisã b sẽn na n gʋlsd b goamã, n paasd b minimã, n naan b mensã, la b yaool n dɩkd-b n kõ makr sẽn na yɩl n tõog n tõog n bãng b sẽn na yɩl tɩ b bãng b sẽn tõe n maan to-to. Sẽn na yɩl tɩ karen-saam-dãmbã zãms nebã, la karen-biisã zãms b taabã, b ra segd n goma neb wʋsg sẽn togsd b sẽn na n maan bũmb ninsã yelle.

Afrik

Afrika buud-gomd sẽn yaa noorã tara kibay sẽn yaa sõma. Wala sẽn yɩ to-to yʋʋm tusr la yʋʋm tusr, Afirik nebã sẽn yaa yʋʋm buud fãa ket n tũudda Wẽnnaam ne b vɩɩmã, tɩ tɩɩsã, rũmsã la tẽngã sẽn yaa wa kʋɩlgã, tãensã la tãensã. Kom-bɩɩsã la sẽn kʋʋl-bã sã n wa gomd kibar sẽn yaa sõma, b sã n wa n dat n togs-b-la kibar sẽn yaa sõama, b sũur noomda wʋsgo.

A Anansi kibarã yita Gana buud-goamẽ. "Tõnd fãa yaa a Anansi" yaa Harold Courlander la Albert Kofi Prempeh n lebg n togs kibar ning sẽn gomd a Anansi sẽn yaa wẽn-sakd a to sẽn dat n paam dũniyã yɛl fãa yelle. B wilgda a Anansi wã wa bõn-buud sẽn yaa wa rũmsã, la a yaa sẽn na yɩl n paam bũmb ning a sẽn datã. A yaa sẽn yɩɩd rũmsã fãa.

India

India soolmẽ wã, b tara kibay wʋsg sẽn yaa kibay la b sẽn gomd b sẽn maand to-to wã yelle. Indi wã kibarã zãmsda nebã vɩɩm manesem sẽn yaa sõma.Wẽnda pʋsẽ, wẽnnaam dãmbã tara bõn-vɩɩse, tɩ sãnda pʋgẽ, b yaa rũms sẽn gomd b sẽn wõnd buud toor-toorã. B gʋlsa zab-rãmb wʋsg pĩnd wẽndẽ Ind soolmẽ wã yʋʋmd 2000 sẽn deng a Zezi rogmã, naoor wʋsgo b sẽn boond tɩ zab-rãmbã. Bãngr-goam nins sẽn be Ind soolmẽ wã pʋgẽ wã, b gomda ninsaalb ne rũms yelle. A Aesop kibarã pʋgẽ, b gomda bũmb wʋsg n yɩɩd a Aesopã kibarã pʋgẽ. B sẽn yeel tɩ ninsaalbã yɩɩda rũmsã, b pa get-b ye. Bãngr-gomdã sẽn be Indi wã makda bũmb wʋsg: b yetame tɩ b yaa Panchatantra la Jataka. A Vishnu Sarma sẽn gʋlsã, a Panchatantra, a Hitopadesha, a Vikram la a Vampire, la a Syntipas sẽn yeel tɩ b "Wise Masters" a yopoe wã ra yaa tãnsãb sẽn zĩnd dũni-kʋdemdã pʋgẽ. A Ben E. Perry (a sẽn gʋls a Aesop kibarã "Perry Index") yeelame tɩ b tõe n maana bũmb sẽn yaa wa b sẽn yeel tɩ b sẽn gʋls a Zeova Kaset rãmbã kibarã, b sẽn gʋls b sẽn boond tɩ Jataka wã la b sẽn gʋls-b bũmb nins sẽn be Panchatantra wã.B ra gomda bũmb wʋsg sẽn be Biiblã pʋgẽ, n getẽ tɩ b yaa nin-buiidã. Kibsa nins sẽn yaa nin-buiidã sẽn da yaa nin-buiid tẽns a taab pʋsẽ wã yaa "Wõnd tus a yembr la yʋngo", b sẽn boond tɩ Araab yʋngo.

Pãntãtrã yaa pĩnd wẽndẽ Indi wã neb sẽn gʋlsd zab-rãmbã. Yaa Vishnu Sharma n gʋls pipi tʋʋm-kãsems nins sẽn be yʋʋmd 300 sẽn deng a Zezi rogmã. Yaa sɩd tɩ b gʋlsa b sõssã n yaool n gʋls sebrã. Gom-biig ning sẽn yaa "Panchatantra" yaa gom-biis nins sẽn yaa "pancha" (tõnd sẽn dat n yeel tɩ "tõnd" Sanskrit pʋgẽ) la "tantra" (tõe n dat n yeel t'a yaa "tõnda"). A yeelame tɩ d segd n goma bũmb nins sẽn wilgd tɩ d segd ne d mens n tall manesem ning sẽn yaa sõma wã yelle, n kɩt tɩ d lebg sebr a ye.

Europe

Nebã ra tara pĩnd wẽndẽ sɛbã n paas n lebg b sẽn da maand to-to wã. Rom gʋlsd a Avianus (tʋʋm sẽn da be yʋʋmd 400 wã poor) gʋlsa Latɛn kʋdem-rãmbã sẽn da yaa Babrius n dɩkd b sẽn da gʋlsdã n dɩkd Aesop wã b sõor sẽn ka to wã. A Aesop sẽn yeel tɩ b gʋlsd b kibayã ra yaa Romulus (a yaa wa b sẽn lebg n gʋls-b to-to wã, baa ne rũndã-rũndã karen-biis wʋsg sẽn get Romulus wã yaa kibay). La latɛn buud-gomd kãensã wʋsg sɩd yaa a Phaedrus sẽn gʋls-b latɛn dãmb yʋʋmd 100 soabã pʋgẽ wã. A Romulus sẽn boond tɩ b tigimsã kɩtame tɩ b gʋlsd sebr wʋsg sẽn da be yʋʋm kob-gĩnd wẽndẽ wã n lebg n lebg n wa lebg n lebg b buud-gomdã pʋgẽ, n lebg n gʋlsd b kibayã. Bãmb sʋka, Adémar de Chabannes (tʋʋm-gĩnd 11 soabã), Alexander Neckam (tʋʋm -gĩnd 12 soabã), Novus Aesopus la Novus Avianus sẽn yaa bilfã), Gualterus Anglicus (tʋʋm sẽn yaa yʋʋm-gĩnd 12 wã) la Marie de France (tʋʋmã sẽn yaa yʋʋm -gĩnd 13 soabã) gʋlsa zab-bees sẽn yit modɛl dãmb sẽn yaa Aesop, Avianus bɩ sẽn boond tɩ "Romulus" wã pʋgẽ.

Yʋʋm kobs-sʋk wakate, b tigsa a Aesop kibarã la b tik-a n wilg-a a vɩɩmã sẽn deng n sɩngã. Biografi kãngã, sẽn da yaa a Aesop vɩɩmã (Vita Aesopi) yell bal n boond tɩ "Bɩɩnga vɩɩm", yaa bũmb sẽn yaa sɩd bal n pa beẽ, la yaa yel-manesem sẽn yaa wẽnga; b sẽn da mi a ye buud toor-toore, b sẽn boond a Aesope Romance wã, wa sẽn yaa b sẽn boond-a rũndã-rũndã wã, yɩɩ yɩɩ noog wʋsg wa b sẽn boond tɩ "bãngrã" yʋʋm kob-gĩnd 15 soabã sɛɛb wakate. B yeelame tɩ b ra tara biograab a woto sẽn wõnd kibayã n yɩɩd b taabã fãa, tɩ yaa b sẽn da boond-a tɩ Maximus Planudes (1260-1310) sẽn yaa b karen-bi-bi-poak ning sẽn yaa b Biizantã n tigim la b tikd kibay sẽn na n sõng neb nins sẽn na n wa n vɩɩmd wakat sẽn kõn sa wã. Renasansã wakate, b ra nongda Aesopã zab-rãmb wʋsgo. B yiis-b-la ne nug-vɛrse sẽn tar vẽenem sẽn yaa sõma, wala "Medici Aesop" sẽn maan yʋʋmd 1480 soabã sẽn deng Florence wã, a Planudes sẽn da lugl n kõ a Lorenzo de' Medici bi-riblã (tõnd sẽn be New York Public Library wã pʋgẽ) yĩnga. La b ra yiisda b b rãmb a ye n paas a Planudes sẽn gʋls a "Aesop vɩɩmã" wã. Alemd bãngd a Heinrich Steinhöwel yiisda zab-bãnã buud-gomd a yiib pʋgẽ (Latiin ne Alemd) yʋʋmd 1476 wã, n be Ulm. B yiis-a lame tɩ b lebg n lebg n lebg ne buud-gomdã buud-gomd ning b sẽn lebg n lebg tɩ Alemã wã (b sẽn boond tɩ "Esopus" bɩ "Esopes teutsch"). A lebga yʋʋm kobs a 15 soabã yʋʋm kob-gĩnd a ye wã sẽn da maand yɩɩr wʋsg n yɩɩd yɩɩr a taabã. Neb wʋsg n da gʋlsd b kibayã, wala b sẽn da gʋlsd a Burkard Waldis sẽn yaa Alemayn ned ning sẽn gʋlsd yɩɩl yʋʋmd 1548 wã. Baa ra-kãseng a Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) me ra gʋlsda zab-kʋdse a sẽn da gomd Florent buud-gomdã pʋgẽ.

Yʋʋm kobs a 17 soabã pʋgẽ, Frans ned a ye sẽn boond t'a Jean de La Fontaine (1621-1695) ra getame tɩ yel-manesem n yaa a sẽn segd n maan to-to wã. A La Fontaine sɩng ne a Aesop modelã, n sɩng n na n maan maan wẽnga ne a zakã, a wẽnd-doogã, burzʋsgã sẽn wat n beẽ wã, la a wakatẽ wã ninsaalb sẽn da beẽ wã fãa. La Fontaine modelã yɩɩ Angletɛɛr a John Gay (1685-1732);[13] Polõnd a Ignacy Krasicki (1735-1801);[14] Itali ned a Lorenzo Pignotti (1739-1812);[15] Serbi ned a Dositej Obradović (1745-1801) [16] Ɛspayn sẽn boond t'a Tomás de Iriarte y Oropesa (1750-1791);[17] Frans ned a Jean-Pierre Claris de Florian (1755-1794);[18] la Rus ned a Ivan Krylov (1769-1844).[19]

Sɩngr sẽn yaa sõma

Rũndã-rũndã, b pa mi b sẽn na n wilg tɩ b gomda bũmb nins sẽn be Biiblã pʋgẽ wã ye.

Yʋʋmd 1880 wã, Iriland-Amerikand zʋrnall soab la zab-gʋlsd a Joel Chandler Harris gʋlsa Afro-Amerikẽ rãmb kibar sẽn gomd yembdã yell sẽn be zĩ-kãsengã pʋgẽ, a Remus sobg yʋʋr yĩnga. A kibarã (tõnd sʋka, rũmsã sẽn boond tɩ Brer Rabbit, Brer Fox, la Brer Bear) yaa kibarã togs-n-taare.[20] La a Harris me paama kritiik a tʋʋm-kãnga. A Rubin yeelame tɩ a Harris ra tara sor n na n kɩt tɩ b bãngd a sẽn yaa ned sẽn pa tũud a taabã, la a sẽn tar sor n na ne a zu-loees pʋgẽ wã. [21]

A Felix Salten sẽn gʋls a Bambi (1923) yaa Bildungsroman - sẽn gomd nin-kãsengã sẽn lebg kãsenga yelle - sẽn yaa zab-kʋdem. A James Thurber rɩka pĩnd wẽndẽ zab-kʋdemdã togs-n-taare a sebrẽ wã: "Fables for Our Time" (1940), la "Fable Further Fables for Our Times" (1956), la a kibarã pʋgẽ: "The Princess and the Tin Box" sẽn be "The Beast in Me and Other Animals" (1948) la "The Last Clock: A Fable for the Time, Such As It Is, of Man" sẽn be lamprees la lanse wã pʋgẽ (1961). A Władysław Reymont sẽn gʋls sebr ning (The Revolt) sẽn yaa yʋʋmd 1922 soabã pʋgẽ, b goma rũms nins sẽn deeg b pʋʋg n na n kɩt tɩ b lebg "bõon-to-bõone" yelle.

kob-gĩnd 21 soabã pʋgẽ, Napolẽ gʋlsd la fɩtɛɛr Sabatino Scia yaa zab-gʋlsd sẽn yɩɩd koabg kobs-yẽmb. [22] B pa rũms bal ye, la b yaa bõn-naands la bõn-naandse, la b fãa yaa ninsaalb sẽn wilgd b sẽn be tẽng zugã. Sẽn paasd ne b sẽn gʋls-b-la, a Scia me rɩka karengã n maand a kibarã: a "Ne забувати ніколі.  La Amerik sẽn kẽed ne Latin Amerikã, saam-bi-rãmb a Juan nYʋʋme a Victor Ataucuri Garcia me sõnga ne zab-kãngã vʋʋgrã. La b maana woto ne yam-paalg sẽn yaa: b tũnugda ne zab-kãng n na n moon b sẽn maand to-to wã.[23][24]

A Octavia E. wɛɛngẽButler sẽn yaa Afro-Amerika la seb-gʋlsd sẽn paam n paama tõorã, baa a sẽn yiis a tʋʋm n sɩng yʋʋmd 1971 wã, a paama pãng me b sɛbã pʋsẽ yʋʋm 20 a kũumã poore, yʋʋmd 2006. A sẽn boond a Macarthur Foundation tɩ "tõnd sẽn ka tõe n bãng n bãng bũmb ninsã" n wilg tɩ a kibarã gomda yɛl sẽn yaa to-to, wala sobgã toeemã la rasã pa-bɩɩm .[25]