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Sylvie Kinigi

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Sylvie Kinigi
neda
Sex or genderfemale Tekre
Country of citizenshipBurundi Tekre
Given nameSylvie Tekre
Family nameKinigi Tekre
Date of birth24 Sipaolg kiuugu 1952 Tekre
Zĩ-ninga o rogeBujumbura Tekre
Occupationpolitician Tekre
Position heldPresident of Burundi, Prime Minister of Burundi Tekre
Educated atUniversité du Burundi Tekre
Member of political partyUnion for National Progress Tekre

Sylvie Kinigi (née Ntigashira; sẽn dog yʋʋmd 1953 noob kiuug rasem 24 wã) yaa Burundi politikã la ekonomist sẽn yɩ Burundi minisr kãsenga yʋʋmd 1993 n tãag yʋʋmd 1993 n ta yʋʋmd 1994 n tãag yʋʋm 1993 n tãage yʋʋmd 1994 n ta yʋʋm 1994 n yaa Afrɩka pag a yiib soaba sẽn yɩ prezida.

A rogame Tutsi zakã pʋgẽ, a paama a bankã wɛɛngẽ diplôme University of Burundi wã yʋʋmd 1979 wã, la a paama diplôme a to wã Pari wã, Centre de Formation de la Profession Bancaire wã. Politiki wã wɛɛngẽ, a Kinigi ra yaa sull sẽn yaa ne Burundɩ nin-buiidã sull ning sẽn boond tɩ Union pour le Progrès national (UPRONA), sẽn yaa Burundɩ wã sull ning sẽn yaa a yembr n da yaa politik sull ning sẽn da yaa noor tɩ b yãk n kõ a soabã, la a ra yaa sull ning sẽn be Burundɩ pʋgbã sull ning sẽn yit UPRONA sullẽ wã pʋgẽ, n yaa a sẽn yaa a taoor lʋɩtbã sull ning b sẽn yãk n kõ wã, n tãag yʋʋmd 1987. A sẽn yaa a soaba, a tʋma tʋʋm-no-kãsemse n na n maan tõog toeeng la goosneema wã sẽn na n sõng pagbã. Yʋʋmd 1990 wã, Burundɩ Faso wã Bankã yãka a Kinigi t'a yɩ bãngr-goam la statistikã taoor soaba, la yʋʋmd a pʋgdã, b kɩtame t'a lʋɩ Burundɩ wã siglgã siglgã taoor lʋɩtb sullã taoor.

Yʋʋmd 1993 tʋʋl-yẽngẽ, Burundi tigma faalg sẽn yaa zaalem, tɩ UPRONA taoor soab sẽn yaa Front pour la Démocratie au Burundi (FRODEBU) tõog n maan-a. Burundi tẽnga taoor soab ning pa yãt a FRODEBU wã, a Melchior Ndadaye, yãka a Kinigi t'a yɩ Burundi tẽnga taoor soaba, zu-loe-kẽem kiuug rasem 10. A Kinigi ra ratame tɩ b tõog n bɩɩs b arzɛkã, la a ra tagsdame tɩ b pa na n tõog n maan woto hal tɩ b boog Tutsi ne Hutus buud toor-toorã zoodã ye. Rẽ n so t'a yeel tɩ a sẽn na n maan bũmb ning n yɩɩd fãa yaa a sã n na n maneg a buud toɛy-toɛyã zoodã. Sẽn na yɩl n tõog n tõog n maan bũmb ning sẽn yaa sõma, a Zeova Kaset rãmbã segd n saka a Zeova ne b sũy fãa.

A kẽnga a ministɛɛr nins sẽn ket n be Frans tẽn-boogã pʋgẽ hal t'a tõog n lebg n kẽng a roogã sẽn be Frans sodaas gũudbã taoore, tɩ puugrã pa tõog ye. Baa ne a goosneema sẽn pa tõog n tõog n gɩdg buud-gomdã zab-kɛglem sẽn zĩnd ko-paalã poore, a maana tʋʋm-kãseng sẽn na yɩl n tõog n maan politikã tɩ kɩt tɩ b yãk a Cyprien Ntaryamira t'a yɩ tẽnga taoor soaba. A sẽn wa n wa n na n tʋm yʋʋmd 1994 wã, a basa a tʋʋmdã n wa tʋm Burundɩ kom-biisã tʋʋmde. A zĩnda tẽns wʋsg pʋsẽ n yaool n lebg Burundẽ yʋʋmd 2008 n lebg siglgã taoor lʋɩtb taoor soaba.

Bi-bɩɩgã la a zãmsgo

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A Sylvie Ntigashira rogame yʋʋmd 1953 yʋʋm kiuug rasem 24 wã, Mugoyi, Ruanda-Urundi (kãnga Bujumbura tẽn-tẽnga).[1] A yaa Tutsi.[2] A ba wã ra yaa ra-rakãaba, tɩ a ma wã me ra yaa pʋʋg soab la b ra maand b zakã neere. A Ntigashira yaa bi-ribl a tãab soaba, la b kõ-a sor n kẽng lekollã, tɩ bi-pugl sẽn yaa a yao wã sõng b ma.[3] A ra paamda pipi la pipi lekoll ne mo-rãmb sẽn be Ijenda wã. Rẽ poore, a zãmsga Burundĩ Yuniõrɛtã pʋgẽ, Ekonomikã bãngrã kareng pʋgẽ, n paam diplôme yʋʋmd 1979 wã ne banki la kredite. Yʋʋmd 1990 wã, a paama a diplôme d'études supérieures ne Centre de formation de la profession bancaire sẽn be Paris wã.[1]

Yʋʋmd 1973 wã, a Ntigashira kẽe kãadem ne Burundɩ karen-biiga, a Firmin Kinigi,[1] sẽn zãms-a-la lekollẽ wã, la a paama kambã a naas[3] bɩ a nu ne yẽnda.[1] A ra yaa Hutu buud-gomd neda.[4] A sɩdã sõng-a lame t'a bao n kẽng taoor ne a karẽn-biis la a zãmsgo, la a zakã rãmb tʋma tʋm-tʋmd sẽn na n gesa b zakã la b kambã yelle.[3] A kiime yʋʋmd 1992[5] bɩ 1993.[1]

Tuumd

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Early political and government work

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Yʋʋmd 1962 tʋʋlg kiuugã, Burundi lebga Burundi, sẽn pa tar pãng ne Belgium ye. Tẽngã lebga Tutsi rãmbã naamã pʋgẽ tɩ Hutu rãmbã sẽn yaa b rãmb wʋsg pa tar yõod ye. A Kinigi ra tẽedame tɩ Burundĩ wã, b sẽn pa reng n segl b mens n naan maan demokrasiya tao-tao wã, kɩtame tɩ b sigl n get politikã ne buud toor-toorã la b kɩt tɩ buud toor-toor wẽnemã paasdẽ.[2] Burundi goosneema wã lebga Tutsi sodaas taoor dãmb n soog yʋʋm 30 sẽn na n kolg n kaoose.[3] Politiki wɛɛngẽ, a Kinigi ra yaa Burundĩ wã politik sull ning sẽn yaa b sẽn boond tɩ Union pour le Progrès national (UPRONA) wã n paas a ra yaa Burundais tẽnga politik sull ning b sẽn boond t'Union des Femmes Burundaises wã, sẽn yaa UPRONA sull sull a yembr sẽn yaa a taoor lʋɩtb sull ning sẽn get b yellã n be yʋʋm 1987 wã.[6] A sẽn yaa a soaba, a tʋma tʋʋm-no-kãsemse n na n maan tõog toeeng la goosneema wã sẽn na n sõng pagbã.

Yʋʋmd 1990 wã, Burundɩ tẽnga raabẽ wã tʋma a Kinigi t'a wilg b sẽn na n maan b bãngrã la b sẽn na yɩl n bãng b sẽn maandã.[1] La a zãmsda Burundɩ tẽn-bilã pʋgẽ.[3] Yʋʋmd 1991 wã, a basa tʋʋm-kãnga[4] t'a Zu-soaba Pierre Buyoya yãk-a t'a yɩ ministɛɛr taoor lʋɩtb sull taoor lʋɩtbã taoor lʋɩtba, la a kɩt tɩ yẽ me yaa Burundɩ tẽnga siglgã sẽn get b sẽn na n maan bũmb ninsã wɛɛngẽ wã taoor lʋɩtgã.[1][4] A sẽn maan woto wã, a maana sõss ne ra-tẽnsã ligd raasẽ, dũni wã bãankã, la sãamb rãmbã.[5] A Buyoya sẽn da nong a tʋʋmdã, a yãka a Buyoya t'a yɩ ministɛɛr ning sẽn get b sẽn get b raab yelle.

Prime Minister of Burundi

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Yʋʋmd 1993 tʋʋl-yẽngẽ, Burundĩ wã paama demokrɩtɛɛrã.[5] Tẽnga wã yaa b sẽn yãk n yãk n yãk b mens n na n yɩ taoor soaba, a Fronte pour la Démocratie au Burundi (FRODEBU) sẽn tõog n yãk n na n maan n yãk n yɩ taoor soabã. Burundɩ tẽnga taoor soab a Melchior Ndadaye, sẽn yaa FRODEBU taoor soaba, la Hutu pipi sẽn lebg tẽnga taoor soaba, kõ a Kinigi Burundɩ minisr ning sẽn na n lʋɩ taoor a goosneema a yamẽ wã pʋgẽ[6][7] n na n lebg Adrien Sibomana pʋɩɩre.[8] A wilgame t'a ra tagsdame tɩ b na n kõ-a-la-a-a lame, la a wa n yãka yam n na n sak-a, a sẽn da tagsd t'a pa tar minim politikã wɛɛngẽ n yɩɩd sodaas nins sẽn da soogd tẽngã wã ye. Sẽn paase, a ra mii a Ndadaye sõma, n zãms a tãag-a Pariis lekollẽ, la a ra kẽe komite sẽn get a karen-biis tʋʋmde. A ra mii a Léonard Nyangoma ne a Cyprien Ntaryamira me, sẽn yaa FRODEBU politik dãmb sẽn da rat tɩ a Ndadaye lebg ministɛɛrã.[6] A Kinigi goma a sẽn yãk-a wã yelle, a yeelame tɩ yaa "Burundi pagb sẽn yɩɩd fãa, la Afrɩka pagb me sẽn paam-a wã, yaa bũmb sẽn ling-a wʋsgo.[7]

A FRODEBU sẽn da yaa sodaas sẽn pa tũud a Zeova wã sũur sãama ne a Kinigi sẽn yãk-a t'a wa lebg ministɛɛrã. A ra getame tɩ a Ndadaye sẽn maan woto wã yaa zãmb la a maan-a ye.[9] A UPRONA nin-buiidã me pa noom ne a yãkrã ye, bala b pa yãend-a tɩ b yãk-a tɩ yɩ kandɩt ye, la b tagsdame tɩ a Ndadaye yãka-a lame bala, bala a yaa Tutsi pag la a pa tẽed tɩ a na n teeg a sẽn tõe n maan to-to wã ye.[10] A Zeova Kaset rãmbã sẽn da be tẽngã zugã ra yaa Hutu rãmb sẽn yɩɩd a tãab sʋka, la Tutsi rãmb sẽn yɩɩd b tãab sʋka. A Kinigi yaa pagb a yiib sẽn yaa ministɛɛrã ned a ye.[5] A Zeova yãka a naamã yʋʋmd 7 soabã. [11] A Kinigi ra ratame tɩ b tõog n bɩɩs b arzɛkã, la a ra tagsdame tɩ b pa na n tõog n maan woto hal tɩ b boog b buud toor-toore. Woto, a wilgame tɩ b na n yãka yam n na n sõng-a lame t'a tõog n paam laafɩ ne a buud fãa.[5] Yʋʋmd Oktoobar kiuugã sʋka, a tʋma a ministɛɛrã tẽn-zẽng n na n sõng tɩ b paam sũ-noog la wʋm-n-taar; a kẽng rɩtg-sɩgẽ wã n wilg tɩ b sẽn maan politikã pãng sẽn da yaa to-to wã yaa "bõn-kɛglem" sẽn da be n wilgdẽ tɩ b pa miẽ ye.[12]

Prime Minister Kinigi greeting President Melchior Ndadaye at Bujumbura airport in 1993

Yʋʋmd 10 kiuug rasem 21 wã, Tutsi sodaasã kʋʋ a Ndadaye la a taab sẽn da be be wã.[13] B sẽn da boond tɩ François Ngeze wã yaa sodaasã taoor soaba.[14] A Kinigi kogendã kell n yɩɩ kɩs-sɩd ne-a a sẽn wa n be a naamã sasa.[12] A ne a taabã sẽn yaa goosneema rãmb n da tar b roogo, b zoe n kẽnga Frans tẽn-boogã pʋgẽ.[5] A yaa nin-tũusg ning sẽn paam n põs wẽnemã pʋgẽ.[15][16] A sẽn be tẽn-boogã pʋgẽ wã, a kell n kõo noy sẽn kẽed ne goosneema wã politikã.[17] Buyoya ne a taoor soaba, a Jean Baptiste Bagaza, fãa talla a goosneema wã sõngre[18] la a wẽebã pa tõog ye, bala a ra pa tõog n maan wẽnga la a paama tẽn-tẽngã sẽn pa mi a Zeova ye.[5] A sẽn wa n be Fransã, a yiisa a ambasadã n lebg n wa a roogẽ. [15] A Ndadaye ne neb a taab sẽn da be a naamã roog zugã kũum poore, a lebga Burundɩ tẽnga taoor soaba.[9] [19] Tutsi nin-buiidã sẽn be b poorẽ wã ket n maanda wẽnga, n na n kẽesd a Kinigi naamã rabeem la b gɩdg a tõog n kõ a tẽngã taoor-lʋɩtbã.[20]

A Kinigi naamã sẽn tar ministɛɛr 15 n zĩnd a 22 wã sʋka, kɩtame tɩ tẽnga gãdga Bujumbura, la a pa tõog n tõog n gɩdg buud toor-toore sẽn maan to-to wã ye. A sẽn maan koobgã poore, neb tus la tus n ki.[13][21] Tutsi-rãmbã sẽn yaa b rãmb wʋsg n boond tɩ UPRONA wã pa noom ne b sẽn maan bũmb ninsã ye. A sẽn da pa kẽng Uprona taoor soab a Louis Rwagasore kũumã tẽegr daar kiuug rasem 13 wã wɛɛngẽ, zʋrnallã a Panafrika gʋlsa woto: "B sẽn yeel tɩ yaa ministɛɛr a yembr n da yita Uprona wã yĩnga, a sẽn pa kẽng tɩ b wilg tɩ a Sylvie Kinigi pa yita Uprone wã yĩnga.[22] A L'Observateur zʋrnallã yeelame tɩ "a sẽn pa paam UPRONA noor tɩ b maan a tʋʋmdã, n bãng tɩ yaa Wẽnnaam la a Ndadaye la a FRODEBU n kɩt t'a lebg ministɛɛrã, a na n maana a sẽn na n maan to-to yʋʋmd 1993 zĩn-soabã pʋgẽ, wa b sẽn datã. A na n paame zãng-zãnga, la a sã n dat n wa taoor n wilg a sẽn maandã, a ket n leb n leb n na n maana woto".[23] A gʋlsa lɛtr kiuug rasem 15 t'a wilg Afrɩka Tigeng Tigeng Tigenga Sɛkrɛtɛɛrã tɩ b na n kẽes b toog sodaasã pʋgẽ n lebs n kɩt tɩ b tõog n zĩnd a pʋgẽ. Soja wã ne politikã rãmb sẽn be moasã wã sẽn da pa tũud ne a Zeova wã sẽn yeel tɩ b na n "kẽnga" Burundi wã, b yeelame tɩ b naaga rẽ.[24] Yʋʋmd yʋʋm-rɩtema, a goosneema wã yãka sull sẽn na n vaees b mens n na n vaeese b sẽn maan bũmb ning sẽn kɩt tɩ b namsd b mensã wã. La b pa sɩng tʋʋm-kãnga ye, bala b pa sak n deeg tɩ b pa sak ye.[25]

A Kinigi sẽn da tar zu-sobend ning politikã sẽn da kõ-a wã yĩnga, a baooda n na n yãk a taoor soab a ye.[23] Yʋʋmd 1994 wã, yʋʋm-vẽkr kiuug rasem 9 wã, a sẽn wilg tɩ b na n yãk Burundɩ tẽnga taoor soab n yãk a sẽn na n yɩ a taoor soabã, Burundɩ tẽngã tigisgã toeemame.[26] rasem a naas poore, b yãka a Ntaryamira t'a lebg tẽnga taoor soaba,[27] ne vot sẽn yaa 78 n tõdg ned a ye.[28] A Ntaryamira ra segd n paama a naamã yʋʋmd 1 soabã rasem 22 wã, la b sẽn da yaa b taoor soaba wã, b kosa b bʋ-kaoodbã tɩ b gɩdg a tʋʋmdã. B yeelame tɩ b sẽn da wa n yãk tɩ b pa tõe n toeem b sɛbã sasa, b yeelame tɩ b pa segd n toeem b Sɛbã wã sẽn da gʋlsã ye. B sẽn da wa n yãk tẽnga taoor dãmb tɩ b na n yãk tẽnga naab n na n dɩ naam n na n yɩ tẽnga taoor soaba, b yeelame tɩ b pa tõe n maan-a ye. [27] B sẽn yãk yam n na n welg b buud fãa wã, b yãka yam n na ne zab-n-taar-n-taas nins sẽn da be be wã. Hutu bʋ-kaoodbã sẽn yi wã, b basa b naam la b yiis b tʋʋmde. La yʋʋmd 1 soabã rasem 29 wã, a Kinigi siglgã yiis-a lame.[29] Rẽ kɩtame tɩ b maan zab wʋsg Bujumbura.[27] A ONU taoor soab a Ahmedou Ould-Abdallah sõng-a lame t'a Kinigi tõog n maan zems-n-taar ne opozisyonã,[30] sẽn na yɩl tɩ b lebs n yãk a Ntaryamira tɩ yɩ prezida, la b lebs n lebs n yãk UPRONA taoor soab. La b lebs n yãka b sẽn na n yãk-a wã.[31] A Ntaryamira rɩka naam Febrwar kiuug rasem 5 daarã.[27] A Kinigi basa a naamã wakat ning a sẽn wa n lebg ministɛɛrã.[5] Yʋʋmd Febrwar kiuug rasem 7 soabã, Ntaryamira yãka a Anatole Kanyenkiko t'a wa rɩk a zĩigẽ.[9]

A Kinigi yaa pʋg-bi-to-soab a yiib soaba sẽn yɩ Afrika tẽnga taoor soaba, sẽn pʋg-a Carmen Pereira sẽn yaa Guinee-Bissau soabã.[32] A sẽn da wa n be a naamã sasa wã nebã ra pa wʋmd a goamã võor ye.[33] A Tutsi nin-buiidã wʋsg ra getame t'a yaa ned sẽn pa miẽ la sẽn pa tar pãng tẽngã zugu, tɩ Panafrika ningd-a tɩ yaa "Madame Fiasco". [34] A FRODEBU neb ra waoogda-a lame. A Marc Manirakiza sẽn leok a taoor lʋɩtbã sẽn da ningd-a sorã, a gʋlsa woto: "Bɩ a maan bõe ne zu-loees sẽn pa makda la sẽn pa makd-a wakat fãa?"[33] A Kinigi yeelame tɩ a sẽn wa n tagsd a naamã wakat 1999 wã yelle, a kɩtame tɩ nebã bãng tɩ "rãmb tõe n maana bũmb wʋsg n yɩɩd rao sẽn tõe n maan ne a ma sɩɩg la a ratem sẽn yaa kãsenga, politikã pʋgẽ".[26] A politik bãngd a Jane Jansen sẽn da pʋgd-a ne a sẽn da be Rwandã pʋgẽ wã, Agathe Uwilingiyimana, wã yeelame tɩ pagbã "naaga b sẽn wa n be zĩig bilf n kẽng taoor n maan bũmb sẽn tõe n sõng b tẽn-tẽnsã sẽn da namsdẽ wã".[7]

A poare tuuma

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A Kinigi sẽn bas a naamã, a rɩka tʋʋmd sẽn yaa taoor soaba Burundĩ wã Komersial Bankẽ. A zĩnda tẽns wʋsg pʋsẽ, a sẽn tʋmd ONU Sɛb-n-taar Tʋʋmdã, a sẽn get b sẽn get b yell n get b sẽn boond tɩ ONU Tʋʋmdã (Equatorial Guinea, Cameroon la Senegal) pʋgẽ, la a sẽn tʋmd b tʋʋm-kãsemsã pʋgẽ. A lebg n wa Burundi yʋʋmd 2008 wã n lebg siglgã taoor lʋɩtb sull sull sull sull taoor soaba.[9] A sẽn maan woto wã, a ra zabda ne pagbã sẽn tar sor n na n paam tẽngã la b paoongã, la a ra zabd ne demokrasiya.[35] Yʋʋmd 2016 wã, Carter Centre yãka a Kinigi t'a wa lʋɩ taoor n ges b zab-n-taagã sẽn be Zambie wã yʋʋmdã zab-nsaambã sasa.[36]

Ges-y me

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Sebtiise

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 Sylvie Kinigi (in English). 2025-07-17.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 The Dialectics of Hate and Desire : Tutsi Women and Hutu Extremism. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 978-1-4742-1545-9.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Skard, Torild (2014). Women of Power: Half a Century of Female Presidents and Prime Ministers Worldwide (1st ed ed.). Bristol: Policy Press. ISBN 978-1-4473-1578-0. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help)
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 "Commonwealth heads of government meeting, 1983: (New Delhi, 23-29 November)". doi.org. 2007-11-01. Retrieved 2025-07-24.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 Sylvie Kinigi (in English). 2025-07-17.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Akyeampong, Emmanuel Kwaku; Gates, Henry Louis, eds. (2012). Dictionary of African biography. Oxford ; New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-538207-5.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Jensen, J. (2008-11-24). Women Political Leaders: Breaking the Highest Glass Ceiling (in English). Springer. ISBN 978-0-230-61685-1.
  8. ↑ Banks, William C. (1993-05-05). Political Handbook of the World 1993 (in English). CQ Press. ISBN 978-0-933199-09-5.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 Akyeampong, Emmanuel Kwaku; Gates, Henry Louis, eds. (2012). Dictionary of African biography. Oxford ; New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-538207-5.
  10. ↑ https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02361964/file/Denistheseversionfinale.pdf
  11. ↑ Whitaker's Almanack : 1994 (126th ed.). London: J. Whitaker & Sons. 1993. ISBN 978-0-85021-238-9.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 La Cacocratie. Les Presses de l’Université de Laval. 2020-11-25. pp. IX–IX. ISBN 978-2-7637-5266-2.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Hoogensen, Gunhild; Solheim, Bruce O. (2006-07-30). Women in Power: World Leaders Since 1960 (in English). Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-0-313-08616-8.
  14. ↑ https://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/archive-files3/ambassador_robert_krueger_kathleen_tobin_kruegerbook4you.pdf
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 "PM leaves embassy: [3 Edition] - ProQuest". www.proquest.com (in English). Archived from the original on 2024-12-25. Retrieved 2025-07-24.
  16. ↑ https://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/archive-files3/ambassador_robert_krueger_kathleen_tobin_kruegerbook4you.pdf
  17. ↑ Photoinduced dipoles and charge pairs in condensed phase. Progress report, November 14, 1993--November 15, 1994. 1994-12-31.
  18. ↑ Southern Africa Political & Economic Monthly (in English). 1993.
  19. ↑ "Microsoft OneDrive". onedrive.live.com (in American English). Archived from the original on 2024-12-01. Retrieved 2025-07-24.
  20. ↑ Legum, Colin, ed. (1994). Africa Contemporary Record 1992–1994. Vol. XXIV. New York: Africana Publishing Company.
  21. ↑ Skard, Torild (2014). Women of Power: Half a Century of Female Presidents and Prime Ministers Worldwide (1st ed ed.). Bristol: Policy Press. ISBN 978-1-4473-1578-0. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help)
  22. ↑ https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02361964/file/Denistheseversionfinale.pdf
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 "Les enjeux et défis de la démocratisation au Burundi. Essai d'analyse et d'interprétation à partir des partis politiques | WorldCat.org". search.worldcat.org (in English). Retrieved 2025-07-24.
  24. ↑ https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02361964/file/Denistheseversionfinale.pdf
  25. ↑ "Amnesty International Annual Report 1994". Amnesty International (in English). 1994-01-01. Retrieved 2025-07-24.
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Skard, Torild (2014). Women of Power : Half a Century of Female Presidents and Prime Ministers Worldwide. Bristol: Policy Press.
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 27.3 "Burundi". Africa Report. Vol. 39, no. 2. March 1994. p. 7.
  28. ↑ Africa Research Bulletin: Political, social, and cultural series (in English). Blackwell. 1994.
  29. ↑ Burundi, la fracture identitaire: logiques de violence et certitudes ethniques, 1993-1996 (in French). KARTHALA Editions. 2002-01-01. ISBN 978-2-84586-318-7.
  30. ↑ Country Report: Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi (in English). The Unit. 1993.
  31. ↑ "À LA MÉMOIRE DE FEU S". www.arib.info. Archived from the original on 2008-04-10. Retrieved 2025-07-24.
  32. ↑ Welz, Martin (2021-01-21). Africa since Decolonization: The History and Politics of a Diverse Continent (in English). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-108-62894-5.
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02361964/file/Denistheseversionfinale.pdf
  34. ↑ https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02361964/file/Denistheseversionfinale.pdf
  35. ↑ Hatungimana, Alexandre (2012). "Kinigi, Sylvie". In Akyeampong, Emmanuel Kwaku; Gates, Henry Louis (eds.). Dictionary of African Biography. Vol. III. New York: Oxford University Press USA
  36. ↑ "Former Burundi acting President to lead Carter team – Zambia Daily Mail". www.daily-mail.co.zm (in American English). Archived from the original on 2022-10-19. Retrieved 2025-07-24. 
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