Danza da los Voladores

rite, type of dance
Subclass of	Mexican folk dance, indigenous American dance
Country	Guatemala, Mexico
Country of origin	Mexico
Intangible cultural heritage status	Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity
Described at URL	https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/00175, https://ich.unesco.org/fr/RL/00175, https://ich.unesco.org/es/RL/00175

Dãnza de los Voladores (Spaañã pʋgẽ: [ˈdansa ðe los βolaˈðoɾes]; "Dãnga sẽn lʋɩt-bã wã dansã"), bɩ Palo Volador (dãnga sẽn yɩgd-bã [ˈpalo βolaˈdoɾ]; "dʋnd n lʋɩt-ba"), yaa pĩnd wẽndẽ Mesoameriikã maan-kʋʋr la waoogr sẽn ket n maand rũndã-rũndã, baa ne b sẽn toeem-a wã, Meziik soolmẽ. B tẽedame tɩ b yita Nahua, Huastec la Otomi nebã sẽn be Meziik tẽnga pʋga, la b pʋgl n yalsa Mesoameriikã fãa. Rɩt-kãngã pʋgẽ, b ra maanda yɩɩl la b ra yikda tãns sẽn zems mɛtɛɛr 30 n yi n tɩ lʋɩ tẽnga. Sẽn yaa a nu soabã ket n be tãnsoogã zugu, n na n yɩɩl la a wẽed fõnd ne bob. Sã n yaa ne mit a ye, b maana kibsã n na n yeel wẽnnaam dãmbã tɩ b kɩt tɩ kom-kãsengã sa.Baa ne a sẽn pa sɩng ne Totoc nebã, rũndã-rũndã, a yaa sẽn kẽed ne-b wʋsg, sẽn yɩɩd fãa sẽn be Papantla la a pʋga, sẽn be Meksik soolmã Veracruz soolmẽ wã.UNESCO kɩtame tɩ b yãk-a tɩ b lebg nin-buiidã sẽn pa mi bũmb ning sẽn be tẽngã zugã, tɩ sõng tɩ b tõog n vɩɩmd ne b mens dũniyã pʋgẽ. Azteek rãmbã ra tẽedame tɩ b sẽn da boond tɩ Danza de los Voladores wã yaa b buud-gomdã mak-sõngo.

A kūudumdé

Tʋʋm 450 sẽn looge, tẽn-kʋdgã ra yaa kãsenga, tɩ komã ra wa n yõk nebã. Wẽnnaam dãmbã ra pa tol n kõ-b-la saag ye. ^[1]B maana kibsã n na n noog Wẽnnaam rãmbã sũuri, la b lebs n kõ-b-la saagã. Kibar kẽer pʋgẽ, yaa tẽn-kʋdg nin-kẽem dãmb n lugl-a, tɩ b yãk kom-bɩɩs a nu sẽn da yaa nin-sõamyã. Sãnda pʋgẽ, yaa rao a nu wã bal n lugl rogemã. Yaa ne tãensã Wẽnnaamã noor la b kao tɩɩg ning sẽn yɩɩdã sẽn be logtoogã pʋga pʋga pʋgã pʋgẽ wã n yiis a kamb n tall-a n kẽng tẽn-gãongã. B maana bũmb wʋsg n kɩt tɩ b gãneg gãagã. Kom-bɩɩsã leooda b tãnsã, tɩ b na n yi n bas-b lame tɩ b na ne yɩɩl. Yaa woto la b maan tɩ saagã wẽneg a Xipe Totec la Wẽnnaam a taab sũy noom ne-a. Rẽ n so tɩ saagã sɩng n lebg n sɩng n lebg tɩ tẽngã rogem lebg n waame. ^[2]

La b pa mi rog-n-kãng sẽn yaa to-to wã ye. B tagsdame tɩ a yii Siera de Puebla la Veracruz tãensã pʋsẽ. Yaa sẽn sɩng ne a Zezi sẽn da wa n be tẽngã zugã la b sẽn da wa ne a Zezi wã. B wilgame tɩ b ra maanda ritualã n dat n bãng tɩ b maana a soabã. A Zezi sẽn wa n pa wa n zĩnd a Zezi soolmẽ wã, a ra maanda bũmb wʋsg n paas tɩ b ra segd n bʋgsda a zugu. B ra tagsdame tɩ b wẽnda wa bõn-buudã, la b yeelga b mens ne zĩ-bõonegã, la bu-rãmbã, la buudu. Dʋgd-kãensã ra makda tẽngã, sa-gãongã, bugumã la koomã wẽnnaam-dãmb. Yʋʋm kob-gĩnd 16 soabã tɛka, b ra kẽeda wĩntoogã waoogr ne wĩntoogã, wala yʋʋm-vẽk kiuugã kibsã. Rɩt-kãngã yaa bõn-naandg sẽn yaa saag la wĩntoog wa a Xipe Totec la Tlazolteotl sẽn tũud-a to-to.

Maya mitolozi wã pʋgẽ, b wilgame tɩ dũniyã naanegã wata ne bõn-buud a ye (Itzamna) sẽn be dũniyã tɩɩgã (dũniyã zĩiga). "Wĩndb" a nu sẽn be tãb-tĩiga zug n makd bõn-buudã wẽnse.^[3] ^[4]^[5]Dẽnsa-kãsengã sẽn na n yɩɩdã yaa zĩ-kãnga, n wẽed fõnd sẽn wilgd liuuli sẽn yimdã. "Wõndã" a naasã (b sẽn makd zĩ-naasã) wẽnda b sẽn na n yɩg n na n wilg tɩ b sẽn na yɩl n paam n paam n vɩɩmd tẽngã zugã, b wẽnda wa "wõndã".^[6] Sɩngrẽ wã, b ra yaa rao a nu bal bal bal bal ye. B ra yeelgdame tɩ b yaa bõn-vɩɩs n tar b futã, tɩ b fãa kẽed n yɩɩd n yaool n loe b pʋga.^[7] Meziik tẽn-bɛd wʋsg gɩdgame tɩ b ra maan woto, bala b paamame n kiime, tɩ sã n wa yɩ woto bɩ b kiime.

A Diego Durán sẽn tall Aztectã minim wʋsg n deeg a Spaansã zab wakatẽ wã, goma bũmb sẽn maan tɩ tẽegd a Danza de los Voladores yelle. A yeelame tɩ Aztect-rãmb naab a Ezhuahuacatl n maan maoong n lʋɩ b mens n yi n bas b gãnd sẽn tar a zãadg n ta a 20 (õnda yaa a sẽn tar a mɛt 120 n ta a mɛtri, tɩ b tõe n yeel tɩ a mɛtrii yaa a mɛt a 6).^[8]Rũndã-rũndã, b naan n kẽnga b sẽn boond tɩ voladores wã n na n kẽnga a polã naoor 13 fãa, n maan kareng 52 bɩ yʋʋm nins sẽn be Azteek "kalendr roondã pʋgẽ". ^[9]

B sẽn deeg-a wã poore, b ra pa le maand a woto ye. La a Juan de Torquemada ra ket n gʋlsa bũmb wʋsg a sẽn maand to-to wã. Kiris-nebã ra pa sakd "paagand" maandb woto sẽn yɩ to-to wã ye. Sẽn yaa sõma tɩ d bãng bũmb wʋsg yaa pipi Europɩɩ nebã sẽn wa Meeksɩ wã sẽn gʋlsd la b gomdã yĩnga. Rẽ poore, b ra na n paasda katolik rãmbã sẽn da maandã, tɩ b wa maan-a wa b sẽn da nong n maand b sẽn da wa n deeg-a wã. B sẽn maan-a wã fãa saaga Meziik la Amerika sẽn be zĩ-kãnga pʋgẽ, tɩ neb a wãn n kell n vɩɩmd, tɩ b sʋka Totonac nebã.^[10]

Baa ne a sẽn pa sɩng ne Totonac rãmbã, rũndã-rũndã, b wae n makda a ne Papantla soolmã Totonac rãmba. Rũndã-rũndã, toeeng wʋsg n zĩndame. La b sẽn da wa n maand woto wã, b ra yaa b sẽn da maand bũmb nins sẽn pa tar yõod ne b taabã. Sẽn yɩ-a toog wʋsg n yɩɩ tɩ b kẽes pagb n maan kibsã. Sẽn sɩng ne pĩnd, yaa gɩdgr tɩ b bas pagb tɩ b lebg voladores, la neb a wãn n lebg woto, tɩ b fãa bee Puebla soolmẽ. A Jesús Arroyo Cerón sẽn yɩ pipi pagb sẽn zãms pagb wã, a kiime a sã n lʋɩ koom-koglg zug yʋʋmd 2006 wã Cumbre Tajín kulturã kibsã sasa.^[11] Toto-nak rãmbã kãsem dãmbã tẽedame tɩ yaa Wẽnnaam sɩbgr la b pa sak tɩ pagb nins sẽn kẽed-b tɩ b maan-bã maan-a ye.^[12]

Sõngr sẽn yaa to-to

Sẽn paase, sã n yaa tɩ b maand tɩ b maand b sẽn pa maand bũmb ninsã, b maanda bũmb a taab me. Nahuã la Otomi nebã sʋka, b pa mi n kiid pĩnda n yaool n yi n ta tigis-kãsengã ye. B leb n tara seb-kãngã pʋgẽ, tɩ b sẽn yaa n kõ-a wã yaa a nu tɩ pa a na n kõ a naas ye. Wakat ning sẽn yaa nin-buiidã sẽn nong n na n maan yɩɩlã yaa Zʋk-n-soaba, tɩ b maan kibsã sẽn boond tɩ Huapangueada. D sã n wa yɩɩl ne taab, b segd n maana noor tɩ b maan noor daar a ye bɩ rasem a taab n yaool n maan kibsã, la b ra maand yoob ye. Woto, b na n kɩtame tɩ Wẽnnaam nin-buiidã ges kibsã sõma. B sã n wa tar-b n maand woto, b wʋsg bee Puebla soolmẽ.La b sẽn da wa n maand bũmb ning fãa wã, b ra pa le tõe n bas tɩ pagb maan tʋʋm-kãnga ye. A Papantla, sẽn yaa tẽn-kãng sẽn yaa pipi sẽn tũud ne maan-kʋʋrã, a Consejo de Ancianos Totonacas (Totonac Kãsem dãmbã Rʋʋsg) gɩdgame tɩ pag pa kẽes a roogẽ ye. Sẽn yaa minim, b pa kẽesd pagb ne taab Totonac wã kibsã pʋgẽ ye. Baa ne rãam ning b sẽn boond tɩ La Maringuilla wã, rao n get pagã sẽn yaa ãndã. B sẽn gɩdg-a wã yita tẽebo tɩ pagbã yaa "bõn-wẽns sẽn wat ne sũ-beed" la b sẽn na n kẽes b pʋgẽ wã yaa yel-wẽn la b na n sãama Wẽnnaam sũ-puugrã.

La tẽns kẽer pʋsẽ, wala Cuetzalan la Pahuatlán Puebla la Zozocolco de Hidalgo Veracruz, b kõo pagb sor tɩ b yɩ voladores.Sẽn paam-b sor n na n kẽnga, b segd n deng n maana tʋʋm-no-kãsems sẽn na yɩl n kos Wẽnnaam la Katolik rãmbã sugri, b sẽn maan tɩ b yaa pagã yĩnga. [Pagbã me segd n yɩɩ pʋg-paal sẽn pa tar rao a ye, b sã n pa kẽ kãadem, bɩ b sã n kẽ kãadem, b pa segd n kẽ kãadem n yaool n maan yoob ye. B sã n mik tɩ pag sẽn maand b sẽn datã n maan bũmb ningã pa zems ne yoobã, b tall-a-la n kẽng tẽn-kugrã sẽn gũbg-a ne bug-yũudl la kaam. Malɛk-kãseng a Misɛl wall a Zak sẽn yaa sõngã sẽn tall makr n wilgd sɩbgr ning b sẽn na n maanã, b sã n wẽ-a ne b nengã, b na n sɩbg-a lame. B yetame tɩ b maanda woto n maag pagã "tõogã". B tẽedame tɩ pagb nins sẽn pa sakd noy kãensã na n wa kɩtame tɩ b maan yel-wẽn-kãsemse. [ B sẽn da wa n maand bũmb ningã ] .

Pa mi tɩ b ra basame tɩ pʋg-paalã maan volador wakat ning ye. A Jesús Arroyo Ceron yaa rao a ye sẽn deng n zãms pagb n kõ b zãmsgo, a sẽn zãms a bi-pugl a Isabel yʋʋmd 1972 wã. Rẽ poore, a zãms a biiga a tãabo. Yʋʋmd 2006 tʋʋlg kiuugã, a sẽn da tar yʋʋm 70 wã, a lʋɩ koom-koglgã zug n ki Cumbre Tajín kibsã sasa. B tẽedame t'a ra lʋɩta "Wẽnnaam dãmbã poorẽ", la tɩ b tẽedame tɩ Wẽnnaam sɩbg-a lame. Bãag ne tɩɩg n maan n maan n tẽegd a Zezi. B miime tɩ pagb sẽn maand b b bĩis n maand bĩis a yiibu.

Gwatemala, b ket n maanda yɩɩl sẽn boond tɩ Palo volador, a Joyabaj (lug 15), Chichicastenango (yakõ 17-23) la Cubulco (yakõ 26).^[13]

Tɔgɩnɩka version

Sẽn zems ne Totonac mitã, wẽnnaam dãmbã yeela nebã yaa: "Tãnd-y la d na n gesa". Rũndã-rũndã, wẽn-naandbã sẽn noomã ket n yaa ritualã sẽn yaa to-to wã pʋga. ^[14] Tɔgãs roog ning b sẽn da pakd kibs-kãngã pʋgẽ wã yaa fu-rɩt sẽn yaa miuug ne fu-rãmb sẽn yaa pemse, fut sẽn be b gãagã zug la pe-kẽer. B sẽn da maandã, b ra tara b nusã, b sẽn da maand bũmb ninsã, la b ra tara bũmb a taab n maand n kõ-b. A sẽn da gãnegd a gãagã ra makda zɩɩm. B sẽn da maand n na n kõ-a sũ-noog wã, b ningda-a-la b sãnem. B ningda-b-la wĩntoogã, la b ningda a zug-n-soaba. B sẽn maand-b woto wã yaa b mens n maand la b tõe n yaooda pesos 5000 n ta 8000 fãa.

Sẽn yɩɩd fãa, b sẽn yãkd tɩɩgã n na n kao-a wã sɩngda ne yɩɩl ning b sẽn na n yɩɩl n yaool n wa n maan n bas tɩ b sẽn na yɩl n paam n paam n tõog n yɩɩl b sẽn na maan n kõ-a wã. B boond tɩ tɩɩg yãk-a, n kao-a la a zẽk-a tɩ tsakáe kiki. Yaa tɩ b kẽed weoogẽ n bao tɩɩg sẽn zems tɩ b bao n deeg-a, la b kos tãnga wẽnnaam a Quihuicolo tɩ b kõ-a sor tɩ b tɩ rɩ-a. B sẽn yiis tɩɩgã rũmsã n tɩ tall-a n kẽng b sẽn da maand tɩ b maan-a wã zĩigẽ, b maana gãag n na n maan tɩ b gãd tɩɩgã sẽn tar mɛtɛɛr 30 wã. Sẽn deng n wa n zẽk-a, b ningda b sãn-do, b ningd-a-la b sãnẽ wã, tɩ b kõ-a-a-yã. Rẽ poore, b sã n wa n gãnegd tẽn-gãongã, b sãame n kɩtd tɩ tẽngã rogdẽ. [3][9] A yaa bũmb sẽn kɩt tɩ b tõe n bãng tɩ tẽngã yaa bũmb sẽn be saasẽ la tẽngã sʋka. Rẽ poore, b sã n wa n ningd b zĩiga la b dansã, b manegda b rãamã n ningd-a tɩ yaa wa sor n kõ-a, la b ningd-b-a tɩ b yũud sigaar.

La naoor wʋsgo, b ra rɩkda gãnd sẽn yaa wa b sẽn yãkd-a wakat fãa, tɩ yaa wa b rɩkd wa b sẽn dɩkd wa b rɩkdã. Rɩk-kãensã, b sɩngda ne yɩɩl la kibs sẽn boond tɩ "bi-ribl". Naoor wʋsgo, b sẽn boond yɩɩl ning b sẽn sɩng n yɩɩdã tɩ "kʋm-y sugrã bi-ribl". Rẽ poore, b paasa sɩngda n yik n tãag tãnsãb-kãsengã, tɩ b taoor soab bɩ "kapor" n lʋɩ taoor. A pa na n sig ye, a na n paa a gãagã zug hal tɩ ta a waoongã saabẽ. B sẽn boond tɩ manzana wã yaa gãn-kãseng sẽn be b tãntã zug n na n maan tɩ b tõe n maan bũmb n sõng-a. Sẽn yit kaabsa wã pʋgẽ, b gãda karɛt sẽn boond tɩ karɛt sẽn be b poorẽ wã. Neb a naasã sẽn wẽed b logtoogã n gũbg a zugã, a na n yɩɩla fõnd ne a bobã .B mii tɩ b sẽn sɩng ne wĩntoogã yaa zĩ-kãng n kɩt tɩ b tagsd tɩ vɩɩmã yita zĩ-kãng. Bãag a naasã yaa naoor piig la a tãab ne a yembr, tɩ yaa yʋʋm pis-naas la a yiib la woto. Yaa yʋʋm nins sẽn be Meso-Amerikã yʋʋmdã pʋgẽ wã sõor. Rẽ poore, a na n wõgemda a meng n na n bãng wĩntoogã, n maan yɩɩl wakat fãa.

Voldur a naasã makda bũmb a naasã sẽn yaa bũmb ning sẽn be tẽngã pʋgẽ wã: tẽngã, yĩngrã, bugum la koomã. Bãagdã makda wĩntoogã a nu soaba. A na n lʋɩɩsa a na-kẽengã zug n lʋɩ n wa lʋɩ tẽnga. B sẽn wa n gãddd a to wã, b leb n maand b sẽn tõe n maan bũmb ningã. Sã n wa yaa ne voladores a taabã sẽn sigd n sigd tẽnga, kaporã yɩɩla "sẽn-sɛgd-a" la a dansã sẽn be platformã sẽn yaa bilfu. [1] Naoor wʋsgo, b sã n wa sigl n wa, b sãnda sãnda sã n wa kiidẽ.

Tẽns nins sẽn tar b sẽn pa tõe n yã bũmb ninsã la b sẽn tall b sẽn pa yã bũmb ninsã

Voladores outside the Museum of Anthropology and History in Polanco, Ciudad de México

A Pãntla Volodore rãmb waoogr kibsã paama UNESCO wã sẽn wilg tɩ b yaa nin-buiidã sẽn pa tar b sẽn tõe n yã bũmb ninsã yʋʋmd 2009. Yaa pipi Meziik tẽnga kibs ning b sẽn deeg n deeg b waoogrã, la pipi wã yaa b sẽn maan n wilg b sẽn ki wã kibsã yʋʋmd 2008. A Fidel Herrera Beltrán sẽn yaa goobneerã paama kũunã Veracruz tẽnga neba ne a goobã yʋʋr yĩnga, la sẽn yɩɩd fãa yaa tẽnga neb sẽn be Totonacapan soolmẽ wã. B maana kibs ne a sẽn paam n deeg-a wã yʋʋmd 2009 zĩ-likr kiuug rasem 12 wã, a Takilhsukut Park sẽn be El Tajín la a taab sẽn be Meeksɩ wã pʋgẽ. B gʋlsa tʋʋm-kãnga ne a Toliman, Peña de Bernal, Querétaro, Otomi-Chichimecas nebã Tradisiõ wã.

Sẽn na yɩl n tõog n tall a vɩɩm, yaa tɩlae tɩ b bãng tɩ yaa b sẽn mi tɩ yaa b tʋʋmdã n kɩt tɩ b tõog n tall-a. B sẽn yãk-a wã, b maana b sẽn tõe n wilg tɩ b tara tẽnsã sẽn tar yõod n yɩɩd b sẽn tõe fãa n tall b mens n kõ b mensã. B sẽn maan modgr a ye yaa b sẽn na n naan n naan n kõ-b b kambã b sẽn tõe n dɩk b mens n dɩk b kambã b kambã sẽn na n dɩk b b mens n kõ wã. A tara karen-biis 70 la 100 sẽn zãmsd Biiblã, n bãngd a sẽn maan bũmb ning ne a Zeova wã sẽn deng a Zezi rogmã. Yaa b sẽn da rɩkd tigis-kãnga sẽn boond tɩ tsakáe kiwi t'a yi weoogẽ wã.A Veracruz tẽnga zãma wã n get b kambã sẽn sɩng b yʋʋm a yoob la a nii wã. Neb wʋsg yita Plan de Hidalgo, El Tajín, San Lorenzo, Arroyos del Arco la Oxital sẽn be be-b be-be-be-tẽngã, la b ba wã la b yaab-rãmbã yaa voladores. Lekollã baoodame tɩ b karen-biisã segd n tũ noy kẽer, wala b sẽn tõe n gom Totonac buud-gomdã, la b pa sak tɩ kom-bɩɩs gomd ye. La b sẽn sɩng b yaab-rãmbã la b yaab-dãmbã nengẽ, b zãmsda b kambã b sẽn na n wa n tar yʋʋm a nii bɩ piigã. Sẽn na yɩl n lebg volador ne Totonac zãma wã, b tog n maana yʋʋm 10 bɩ 12 n segl b mens n tõog n yɩ .

B sẽn dat n kogl la b paas b sẽn maandã n paas yaa "Encuentro de Voladores" (Volador yãkrã), sẽn sɩng yʋʋmd 2009 wã, la sẽn naag ne "Cumbre Tajín" sẽn be El Tajín zĩiga, yʋʋmdã kibsã kibsã. Daar a nu, b sẽn da be zĩis toɛy-toɛyã n na n maan yɩɩl ne b sẽn da tigim-b tigisgã. Sẽn na yɩl n bãng neb nins sẽn maand woto wã, pa rẽ bal la b segd n maan ye. B sẽn boond tɩ voladore wã yita San Luis Potosí la Gwatemala.

Bũmb a ye sẽn kɩt tɩ b segd n kogl-a wã yaa tɩ b pa maand a woto ne tũudum yɛl ye.Sẽn sɩng ne yʋʋm 1970 wã, b lugla b sẽn na n maan b sẽn na yɩl n tõog n maan b tʋʋmdã. Sẽn yɩɩd neb 600 n be Meziik tẽngã pʋgẽ.

Tẽns sẽn pa waoog pʋgẽ, b maanda a Zeova waoogrã daarã bɩ tũudum yɛl a taab sasa, la tẽns nins sẽn yaa kãsenga pʋsẽ, sẽn yɩɩd fãa sẽn be tigimsã pʋsẽ, b maanda-a-la wa b sẽn dat n kõ kũunã.Mak-biis a yiib n be wã yaa voladores nins sẽn maand Xcaret la Xel-Ha wã, la Totonac voladores wã sẽn be Chapultepec Park Mexico City wã, sẽn yaa park-rãmb nins sẽn pakd-b n yɩɩd wã. Neb kẽer sẽn maand b sẽn tõe fãa n wilg tɩ b waoogda b taabã, b yaool n maand yɩɩl ne nebã. B sẽn boond tɩ "Bocas del Río" wã yaa sull sẽn yaa siglgã taoor lʋɩtb sull sẽn get b yell sõma. B sẽn maan woto wã yaa tɩ b na n kõ turistbã bũmb sẽn tar waoogre, sẽn pa yĩm b sẽn yi wã. B fãa yaa Papantla tẽnga neb. B maanda kibsã zĩig sẽn yaa zĩig sẽn yaa pa-tẽnga, la b segd n basa bũmb nins sẽn yaa baaske, la karẽn-bɛdẽ wã b sẽn maandẽ.

Sẽn na yɩl n paas b sẽn maandã la b sẽn maand bũmb ninsã tẽn-zẽmsẽ wã, b tigimsã maana yɩɩl Meziikã zĩis wʋsg la tẽns a taab pʋsẽ, tɩ b maan yɩɩl nins sẽn be tẽns a taab sʋkã. A Voladores yɩɩla Zapopum kibsã Guadalajara, San Pedro kibsã Monterrey,India kibs kibsã kibsã a Milwaukee, Karneval kibsã Valparaíso, Universal Forum de las Culturas sẽn be Barcelone, la ne taab kibsã sẽn be New York.

Tẽngã nebã sẽn nongã

Sẽn na yɩl n tõog n tõog n paam n bãng b sẽn tõe n maan bũmb ninsã, b segd n maana yɩɩl n wilg b sẽn tõe ne b zʋgdã.

A Miguel yɩɩla "Without Question" sẽn yit filimã pʋgẽ wã.

Gesã tãabã

Sebtiise

Zems-n-taase

A Juan de Torquemada sẽn lebg Biiblã ne ãngilindã

A Danza fizikã

[1] ttps://web.archive.org/web/20091013111448/http://dti.inah.gob.mx/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=3755&Itemid=329

[2] ttp://www.municipiopapantla.gob.mx/content/view/94/17/

[3] ttps://web.archive.org/web/20110719094325/http://www.arts-history.mx/banco/index.php?id_nota=24062004102402

[4] ttps://web.archive.org/web/20191022181812/http://www.mty.itesm.mx/dhcs/deptos/co/co95-832/Proy_2002_S1/VoladoresPapantla/html/t-origenesdelritual.htm

[5] ttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/968-499-293-9

[6] ttp://www.lajornadadeoriente.com.mx/2008/04/01/puebla/o1ame14.php

[7] ttps://web.archive.org/web/20090626163359/http://www.municipiopapantla.gob.mx/content/view/21/30/

[8] ttp://www.philipcoppens.com/rebuildingcreation.html

[9] ttps://books.google.com/books?id=Nd8DAAAAMBAJ&dq=1954+Popular+Mechanics+January&pg=PA104

[10] ttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Alabama_Press

[11] ttp://www.jornada.unam.mx/2006/03/21/index.php?section=espectaculos&article=a09n1esp

[12] ttp://www.jornada.unam.mx/2007/03/26/index.php?section=espectaculos&article=a18n1esp

[13] ttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine

[14] ttps://web.archive.org/web/20090418010531/http://www.mexicodesconocido.com.mx/notas/6344-Los-voladores-de-Papantla-%28Veracruz%29

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