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Hatra

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Hatra

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Hatra
archaeological site, ancient city, city-state
DemonymHatrénien Tekre
CountryIraq Tekre
Capital ofKingdom of Araba Tekre
Located in the administrative territorial entityNineveh Governorate Tekre
Coordinate location35°35′17″N 42°43′6″E Tekre
Head of governmentSanatruq I, Sanatruq II Tekre
Language usedAramaic of Hatra, Latin, Palmyrene Aramaic, Iranian, Koine Greek Tekre
Significant eventlist of World Heritage in Danger, Fall of Hatra Tekre
Dissolved, abolished or demolished date241 Tekre
Heritage designationWorld Heritage Site Tekre
World Heritage criteria(ii), (iii), (iv), (vi) Tekre
Map

Hatra (Arabic: الحضر; Syriac: ‎ܚܛܪܐ)ya tẽng kʋdgo m'be Upper Mesopotamia nin sen be rumda zamaan kanga teng b sen boond ti Nineveh Governorate m'be Iraq rɩtgo baobgo.Tẽnga be kilometr 290 (180 mi) Baghdad rɩtgo baobgo sene la n leb be kilometr 110 (68 mi) ni Mosul goabg baobgo.

Hatra ra yaa caravan city (caravan ramb tenga) sen tar pang wusgo la a ra yaa na-tenga n ko Arab Hatra riungu (anglimdi: Kingdom of Hatra) sen da be Roman ramb ni Parthian bi Persia ramb lagem-n-taar tensa suka. Hatra maana nobre yuum kobre yiib-n-lɛta wakato, la baoosgo, b saamalame n zoe n bas-a yuum kobre sen pugda. B banga tenga bõn-bãnda sãamre yuum koba piig-la awae wakata.

Belem-tɩɩse

  1. Yʋʋre
  2. Kʋdemde
  3. Nanambsa sãoore
  4. Art of Hatra
  5. Modern Hatra

5.1 Restoration by Saddam Hussein

5.2 Destruction by ISIL

  1. Foto rãmb zĩiga
  2. Zĩ-kõbgo
  3. Ges-n-paasga
  4. Sebtiise
  5. Karem-n-paasga
  6. Kɛɛng tõkre

Yʋʋre

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Hatra yʋʋre n leb boond al-Hadr (الحضر) Arabic goam pʋge.Tɩ leb n bool'a bi n gʋls'a ti ḥṭrʾ 𐣧𐣨𐣣𐣠‎ (Ḥaṭrā) Hatrā Aramaic gʋlsg pʋge, tɩ a gom-wẽng ya "yãgre, tiigri bi lalga." Syriac goam pʋge, b minim n gulsda a yʋʋra yagre pʋdbo, Hatrē. Roman gulsgo pʋge, tɩ a yaa Ātra wala Greek ramba sen boonda wã la Latin goam pʋge tɩ a yʋʋr ya Hatra bɩ Hatris.

Tẽnga meng yʋʋr la Beit Elāhā tɩ a gom-wẽng ya wend zaka Hatran Aramaic goam n'a gulsgo pʋge. B wa n bool'a la "Shamash "yãgre" (ãnglindi: Enclosure of Shamash) (ḥtrʾ d-šmš 𐣧𐣨𐣣𐣠 𐣣𐣴𐣬𐣴‎) b lagf zugu sasa nina.

Kʋdemde

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Archaeology ramb kibaya bi wilgri ka pind n be n kõt tenga Persia ramba sasa, yẽ wala zamaana komindi kaosgo tata hal ni Seleucid sasa. Hatra maana nobre Parthia ramba soolgra sasa, dẽenem la yiib-n-lɛta AD yuum kobra wakato, yẽ Wẽnd tũudub taoor dãmbã ni leebre tenga.

Ges-n-paasga

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  • Aramaic of Hatra
  • Destruction of cultural heritage by ISIL
  • Taq-i Kisra, sharing architectural features with structures at Hatra

Sebtiise

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  1. Schmitt, Rüdiger. "HATRA". iranicaonline.org. Encyclopaedia Iranica. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
  2. "Hatra | ancient city, Iraq". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2020-12-25.
  3. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 14 December 2013.
  4. Advisory Body Evaluation on Hatra. International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS). 1985. pages 1–2.
  5. E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam 1913–1936. BRILL. 1987. p. 207a. ISBN 9789004082656.
  6. Salma, K. Jayyusi; Holod, Renata; Petruccioli, Attilio; André, Raymond (2008). The City in the Islamic World. Leiden: Brill. p. 174. ISBN 9789004162402.
  7. "Hatra UNESCO World Heritage Centre". whc.unesco.org/en. UNESCO. 1992–2015. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
  8. Rosenfield, John M. (1967). The Dynastic Arts of the Kushans. University of California Press. pp. 170–173.
  9. Freeman, Colin s (25 June 2014). "Iraq's 'Exorcist' temple falls into Isis jihadist hand". The Telegraph. London. Retrieved 7 March 2015.
  10. "Hatra". whc.unesco.org. UNESCO. Retrieved 7 March 2015.
  11. Hatra – Italian Archaeological Expedition
  12. "L'Edificio A". Hatra – Italian Archaeological Expedition (in Italian). 2016-11-25. Retrieved 2020-07-25.
  13. "I sondaggi del Temenos". Hatra – Italian Archaeological Expedition (in Italian). 2016-11-25. Retrieved 2020-07-25.
  14. "Progetti/ Projects". Hatra – Italian Archaeological Expedition (in Italian). 2016-12-10. Retrieved 2020-07-25.
  15. Gawlikowski, Michał (1991). "The first season of excavations in Hatra, Iraq" (PDF). Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean. 2.
  16. "Hatra". pcma.uw.edu.pl. Retrieved 2020-07-08.
  17. Freeman, Colin (4 January 2004). "American troops launch 'Exorcist' tour at ancient temple". The Telegraph.
  18. Lawrence Rothfield (1 Aug 2009). The Rape of Mesopotamia: Behind the Looting of the Iraq Museum. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226729435.
  19. "Ancient Hatra Ruins". Defense Video & Imagery Distribution System. 9 September 2006.
  20. Cockburn, Patrick (27 February 2015). "Iraq: Isis militants pledged to destroy remaining archaeological treasures in Nimrud". The Independent. Archived from the original on 2022-05-09. Retrieved 8 March 2015.
  21. "ISIL video shows destruction of 7th century artifacts". aljazeera.com. 26 February 2015. Retrieved 7 March 2015.
  22. Karim Abou Merhi (5 March 2015). "IS 'bulldozed' ancient Assyrian city of Nimrud, Iraq says". AFP. Retrieved 5 March 2015.
  23. Yacoub, Sameer N. (7 March 2015). "IS destroying another ancient archaeological site in Iraq". Army Times. United States. Associated Press. Retrieved 7 March 2015.
  24. "Islamic state 'demolish' ancient Hatra site in Iraq". BBC. 29 September 2022. Retrieved 7 March 2015.
  25. Vivian Salama (4 Apr 2015). "Video: Islamic State group shot, hammered away Iraq's Hatra". Associated Press.
  26. Yacoub, Sameer N.; Salam, Vivian (7 March 2015). "IS destroying another ancient site in Iraq". The Telegraph. Macon, Georgia. Archived from the original on 10 March 2015. Retrieved 8 March 2015.
  27. "Iraqi forces retake damaged Hatra heritage site from IS". Deutsche Welle. 26 April 2017. Retrieved 29 April 2017.
  28. Hussain, Rikar (27 April 2017). "Iraqi Militias Find Relics Destroyed by IS in Ancient Town". Voice of America. Retrieved 29 April 2017.
  29. "Hatra: IS damage to ancient Iraqi city less than feared". BBC News. 1 May 2017. Retrieved 1 May 2017.

Karem-n-paasga

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  • al-Salihi, W. (2021). "Hatra: Three Notes, Historical, Iconographical, and Religious". Iraq. 83: 3–12. doi:10.1017/irq.2021.12. S2CID 239871840.

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