Kumi Odori
| Subclass of | dance  |
|---|---|
| Culture | Ryukyuan culture |
| Country of origin | Ryukyu Kingdom, Japan |
| Discoverer or inventor | Tamagusuku Chōkun |
| Time of discovery or invention | 1719 |
| Location of creation | Okinawa Prefecture |
| Intangible cultural heritage status | Important Intangible Cultural Property of Japan, Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity |
| Described at URL | https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/00405, https://ich.unesco.org/fr/RL/00405, https://ich.unesco.org/es/RL/00405 |
Kumi odori (組舞, Okinawa: Kumi wudui) yaa rog-n-migs sẽn be Ryūkyū wã. "Kumi odori" bɩ "Kumi wudui" rat n yeelame tɩ "dans sẽn naag taaba" bɩ "dans sẽn naag taaba".
B sẽn sɩng-a Ryūkyū wã na-tẽng sẽn boond tɩ Shuri, Okinawa yʋʋmd 1719 wã, a sɩngrẽ wã ra yaa sẽn na yɩl n noog b sũuri, la b kɩt tɩ b ra getẽ tɩ yaa ukwanshin, b sẽn da boond tɩ Chine rãmb nins sẽn da wat Ryūkyū wã. A Tamagusuku Chokun sẽn da yaa Rikyuu naab sẽn zĩnd yʋʋmd 1684 n tãag yʋʋmd 1734 wã n wa ne kumi odori wã sẽn yaa b sẽn da wae n maand n wilgd b sẽn tõe n maan to-to. Yaa Azi yaangã we-bɛd buud toor-toor lageng sẽn naag taab n kɩt tɩ kumi odori wã kell n tar zĩig Okinawa nin-buiidã sʋka, la masã, Zapõ goosneema wã sak n deegame t'a yaa bũmb sẽn tar yõod wʋsgo. Yʋʋmd 2010 wã, b gʋls-a-la UNESCO ninsabls tẽn-kɩremsã sẽn yaa ninsabls tẽn-kɩremsã pʋga.[1] A ket n yaa makr sẽn yaa sõma n yɩɩd a Okinawa nin-buiidã sẽn tall b minimã pʋgẽ.
Kʋdemdã la politikã
[tekre | teke sidgem]Yaa tẽn-kɩrems 140 la b sẽn boond tɩ Ryukyu wã, tɩ neb be a 40 sʋka, la b bee Zapõ tẽn-kɩremsã sẽn be goabgã tẽngre. Sẽn na maan yʋʋm wʋsg pʋgẽ, tẽns nins sẽn tar pãng n yɩɩd n da nong n zabd n dat n soog Ryūkyū wã. Okinawa tẽn-gãongã ra yaa sodaas sẽn boond tɩ aji bɩ anji n da rɩt naam pipi, la b ra tigma taaba Shō Hashi naam pʋgẽ yʋʋm kob-gĩnd piig la a nu wã sɩngrẽ (Smits 90). A wa n tõogame n tõog Ryūkyū tẽn-kɩrems a taabã, n paas a soolmã. A Ryūkyū sẽn da yaa tẽn-gũudã sõngame tɩ b paam zood sõma ne Zapõ la ne Sɩne. B sẽn da wa n pa le koosd koomã, a Ryūkyū wã ra tõe n wa paamame tɩ Zapõ nebã wa zab ne-a. Yʋʋmd 1609, Satsuma soolmã kẽe Ryūkyū soolmẽ wã, n modg rĩmã t'a lebg b tẽng-n-biiga, sẽn na yɩl n dɩ a sẽn tar zood ne Siinã nafa, la a rɩ naam sẽn pa vẽenegã hal tɩ ta yʋʋmd 1872 (Smits 91). B sẽn maan woto wã sɩd sõngame tɩ b tõog n wilg b buud-gomdã. A sẽn da wa n be Zapõ soolmẽ wã, a sẽn da pa tõe n bãng a sẽn da na n maan to-to politikã wɛɛngẽ wã ra yaa yell sẽn da pak nin-kãsems wʋsgo. Baa ne a sẽn da be Zapõ soolmẽ wã, la a nanambsã sẽn da mi rẽ wã, a kell n talla a meng n tãag yʋʋmd 1879 (Smits 107). Wakat kãnga, a Ryūkyū wã sɩngame n lebg Zapõ soolem. Naab a Meiji sẽn wa n na n lebg Zapõ na-kẽnda, yʋʋmd 1872 wã, a kɩtame tɩ Zapõ lebg a prefektɛɛr yʋʋmd 1879. Rẽ poore, Etazĩni rɩka Zapõ n tãag yʋʋmd 1945 n tãag yʋʋmd 1972 dũni gill zabr a yiib-n-soabã la Okinawa zabrã poore. Yʋʋmd 1972 soabã pʋgẽ, b lebs-a-la Zapõ, sẽn mik tɩ zabr n zĩnd yʋʋm wʋsg Okinawa nebã ne Etazĩni sodaasã sʋka.
A Kumi odori roga ne tʋʋm nins sẽn yaa tɩlae ne ninsabls tẽnsa. Yʋʋmd 1372, Chūzan rĩm a Satto sakame n na n tũ b sẽn da boond tɩ tribute wã sẽn da yaa bũmb ning ne Chine wã, la sẽn na yɩl n tũ b sẽn da boond tɩ tribute wã, b ra kɩtame tɩ b tʋm-tʋmdb be Okinawa n na n zĩnd kiis a yoob yʋʋmd fãa, wakat ning fãa b sẽn da rat tɩ b wilg tɩ rĩm-paalgã na n wa rɩka naam. Ra yaa tɩlae tɩ nin-kãsems kãensã paam sũ-noog ne reemã, woto yĩnga, yʋʋmd 1719 wã, a Tamagusuku Chokun sẽn yaa odori bugyo wã bɩ reem ministɛɛrã n lugl kumi odori wã. B sẽn yãk-a t'a lebg a taoor soab yʋʋmd 1715 wã, a tʋʋmd sẽn da yaa kãseng n yɩɩd ra yaa a sẽn na n maan bũmb nins sẽn na yɩl n noog neb nins sẽn da wat n na n tɩ maan kibsã sũuri. A ra zoe n kẽnga Zapõ naoor a nu, n yals Satsuma la Edo (sẽn yaa Tokyo rũndã-rũndã wã). A sẽn da be be wã, a zãmsa minimã fãa, n paam kyogen, kabuki la Noh bãngre, sẽn tall pãn-tusdg wʋsg a tʋʋma zugu (Foley 3). A ra paamda vẽnegr ne Siinã sɛbã me, la wakat kãnga, Siinã sɛbã, Confucianismã, la sanshin meng sẽn yɩ wa reem sẽn na n yɩll n maan kumi odori wã, ra kẽe Okinawa ninsabls tẽnsa pʋgẽ (Foley 2). B maana Kumi odori pipi naoor Choyo rɩɩbã sasa yʋʋmd 1719 sig-noyẽ wã: Shushin kaneiri (Sẽn tar nonglem, a rɩka wẽnd-doogã wag-taagã) la Nido tekiuchi (Kambã wagsg), sẽn da yaa a Chokun tʋʋm-kãsems a pipi wã, yɩɩ aristokrat-rãmba n yɩɩl la b ket n yaa tʋʋm-kãsems wʋsg rũndã-rũndã. Tokugawa sodaasã sẽn lʋɩ wã, la Meiji naamã sẽn wa n lugl yʋʋmd 1868 wã tɛka, nebã ra yĩmda kumi odori wã. Aristokrat rãmbã sẽn da tar sẽk la ligdã sẽn da kõt-b sor tɩ b tõe n zãms zʋɩf-rãmbã reemã ra lebga sõor bilf masã, la neb a wãn sẽn da tar yʋ-noogo, n kɩt tɩ b tall-a n zãmse, tɩ nebã fãa tõe n yã-a. Baa nin-buiidã fãa ra tõe n kẽnga lekoll-kãens n lebg yɩɩl-gʋlsdba (Thornbury 233). Amerikã sẽn wa n bas Okinawa n lebg n kõ Zapõ yʋʋmd 1972 wã poore, tẽn-kʋdemdã sẽn da yaa tẽn-kʋdemdã n le sɩng n maand b sẽn maandã. Zapõ rãmb sẽn teend Okinawa tẽn-gãonga yaa bũmb sẽn wat ne no-koɛɛm wʋsgo. Yaa sɩd tɩ Zapõ goosneema wã gɩdga Okinawa nebã tɩ b ra pa le kẽ sodaarã pʋgẽ ye. La yʋʋmd 1972 sig-noy kiuug rasem 15 wã, b wilgame tɩ kumi odori wã yaa bũmb sẽn tar yõod wʋsg tẽngã pʋgẽ.
Yɛl nins sẽn kɩt tɩ b gʋls-a wã
[tekre | teke sidgem]Kumi odori wã yaa weefã buud sẽn naag taab sẽn yit Okinawa, Chine, la Zapõ. Sẽn paase, a rɩka bũmb nins b sẽn da mi n boond tɩ kami ashibi bɩ chondara wã, la yɩɩl nins b sẽn boond tɩ umui wã, sẽn da be tẽn-bilã pʋsẽ pĩnd wẽndẽ wã. (Foley 2). Yaa yɩɩl-yɩɩll sẽn naag taab sõma-sõma, sẽn naag ne yɩɩl-yɩɩllã, kibayã, la reemã sẽn na yɩl n tall pãn-tusdg sẽn yaa kãsenga. Sẽn sɩng n yaa rap nins sẽn yaa aristokrat rãmbã n da maandã, rũndã-rũndã, yaa pagb me n maandã, tɩ b nong n dɩkd pagb bɩ kom-bɩɩs rolli. Pĩnd wẽndẽ wã, b sẽn da yãkd ned ning sẽn na n yɩ-a wã ra tikda ne a yĩngã sẽn yaa to-to wã, tɩ rap nins sẽn yaa kom-bõoneg n da tʋmd tʋʋm-kãensã. A kumi odori wã kẽndame n pa yãt tao-tao ye. B pa wilg tɩ b yaa gãndaase, la b pa wilg tɩ b yaa toogo, la yaa b sẽn pa rat n maan-b tɩ yɩ nana wã n kɩt tɩ b yaa toog wʋsgo (Foley 6). B sẽn yeel tɩ b kẽnd-a-la sõma wã kɩtame t'a kẽndã yɩ toog wʋsgo. B yetame tɩ balletã pʋgẽ, yaa toog n yɩɩd tɩ f tõog n maan bourrees-rãmbã sõma n yɩɩd tɩ f maan pirouettes-rãmb wʋsgo, baa ne tɩ pirouettes-rãmbã tõe n yɩɩ sõma n yɩɩda, la yaa woto me ne balletã. Naoor wʋsgo, ned sã n maan bũmb tɩ wõnd yaa nana, yaa toog ne-a t'a maan-a tɩ zems zãnga. Odori (dansã) yaa bũmb a tãabo: tʋʋma sẽn zems ne yɛlã sẽn yaa to-to wã, manesem sẽn wilgd yĩn-sidgã, la dansã sẽn be dansã pʋgẽ. Kẽngr ning yell d sẽn gom pĩndã yaa makr sẽn wilgd tɩ ned tõe n maana bũmb tɩ yɩ vẽenega, sẽn na yɩl n togs yel-bũndi. B sẽn na n paas reemã nao-kẽndr ne tʋʋm-kãensã na n yɩɩ yiib-n-soabã, la b sã n na n naag so-toak bɩ michiyuki wã ne kibarã, na n pidsa tãab-n-soabã (Foley 7). Yaa bũmb b sẽn maand reem buud toor-toor pʋsẽ, sẽn yɩɩd fãa reem nins b sẽn boond tɩ balletã pʋgẽ. Naoor wʋsgo, b sã n wa maand we-rũng bɩ reem sẽn na yɩl n wilg tɩ bũmb ning b sẽn yetã yaa sɩda, b pa na n wilg tɩ b sẽn yetã yaa sɩda ye. Baa ne kumi odori wã sẽn wõnd a taab wʋsg ne no wã, yɛl a taab n be n kɩt tɩ b pa wõnd taab ye. B yiibã fãa pʋgẽ, b sẽn maan bũmb ninsã pa waoog ye, tɩ rẽ kɩt tɩ b pa segd n maan sɛb sẽn yaa sõma wʋsg n paas ye. B yiibã fãa tara teed sẽn wõnd taaba, la b sẽn maan to-to wã me yaa toor-toore. La sã n pa tɩ loe ne Buddismã tagsgo, kumi odori wã nong n kẽnga Confuciusismã pʋgẽ, n nong tɩ b wilg tɩ ned pa segd n yɩ nin-vɩɩga, n yɩɩd tɩ b wilg-a sẽn segd n yɩ a soaba. B sã n da pa maand woto, b ra pa na n yeelgd b meng ye. La b sẽn maand kumi odori wã, b wilgda b manesmã ne makrã la ne manesem a taab (Foley 3 ⁇ 4). B pa wilgd b nengã ne b no-goamã ye, la b wilgda b sũ-sãamsã ne b zug bɩ b ninã sẽn be to-to wã. Naoor fãa, yaa ninã n lʋɩt taoor n kẽndẽ, la wa balletã pʋgẽ wã, yaa ninã n dengd n watẽ tɩ yĩngã tõr pʋgdẽ. B sã n da pa maand woto, b ra pa na n tõog n tall manesem ning b sẽn datã ye.
Bũmb a yiibu n wilgd tɩ kumi odori yaa sõma: kan la konashi. Kan yaa wala bũmb sẽn be zĩig pʋgẽ, tɩ ned pa tõe n zãms ye. La konasi wã yaa minim nins b sẽn paam yʋʋm wʋsg pʋgẽ wã n kɩt t'a yaa sõma n yɩɩdã. Sẽn na yɩl tɩ b bãng tɩ yɩɩl yaa sõma, yɩɩl-gʋlsdbã fãa segd n talla zʋg-sõma a yiibã. B sẽn boond tɩ hinã, bɩ bark ning b sẽn dog ne wã me tara yõod wʋsgo (Foley 11). Rẽ pa wat tao-tao ye, la yaa yʋʋm wʋsg tʋʋm-tʋmdɩ la rɩk-m-meng loogr poore bal la d tõe n paam-a. B yetame tɩ ned pa tõe n yɩ kumi odori, no bɩ kabuki wã reem-neda, hal tɩ ta a yʋʋm pis-nu wã, sẽn yaa lebend ne balɛtrin-rãmb nins sẽn yaa kom-bõoneg nins neb wʋsg sẽn nong n be wĩndgã reemẽ wã. Tõe tɩ sẽn tar yõod n yɩɩdã yaa tɩ baa ne b sẽn pa get yɛl nins sẽn maan pĩndã, kumi odori wã getame tɩ b maand bũmb masã (Foley 4). Kabuki wã la no wã fãa pa tar yɩɩlã sẽn tar yõod wʋsg ne kumi odori wã ye.
Yɩɩllã
[tekre | teke sidgem]A Chokun ra tũnugda ne ryuuka, sẽn yaa Okinawa kʋdemd yɩɩlã, la kʋdemd mizik a yɩɩlã yĩnga. B ra nong n yɩɩla yɩɩl a tãabo: sanshin, kutu, la kucho. B ra leb n yɩɩla hanso, sẽn dat n yeel tɩ tãntãntã, la tãmpug a yiib sẽn boond tɩ odaiko la kodaiko. B ra nong n yɩɩnd-b lame, tɩ yɩɩl-dãmbã paasd nebã sũ-noogo, b sã n wa tar zu-loeese. Yɩɩn-kãensã ra tara yõod wʋsg ne yɩɩlã, la b ra nong n ledga sõssã wala Broadway mizikã pʋgẽ (Foley 8). La sẽn yaa lebend ne Okinawa nin-buiidã yɩɩlã sẽn tar pãng wʋsgã, yɩɩlã ra yaa sẽn zems la sẽn pa tar pãnga, n kɩt tɩ nebã tagsdẽ tɩ yɩɩlã yaa sõma. A sẽn togs bũmb ningã yaa sõma, la a tara makr wʋsg wa Zapõ sɛb nins b sẽn gʋls wakat kãng pʋgẽ wã. B ra tũnugda ne yɩɩl buud a yiib n yɩɩndẽ: yɩɩl sẽn tar pãnga, bɩ kyogin, sẽn da yaa yɩɩl b sẽn da maand ne rap sẽn tar pãng wʋsgo, la yɩɩl sẽn pa tar pãnga, b sẽn boond tɩ wagin bɩ yuwajin, b sẽn da maand ne pagb bɩ kom-bɩɩs sẽn yaa rap sẽn tar pãng wʋsgo (Foley 8). Yaa yɩɩn-gʋlsdbã n yɩɩnd yɩɩn-kãsemsã fãa. B sẽn da maand yɩɩlã, yɩɩl-gʋlsdbã ra zĩi zĩig ning b sẽn da maand yɩɩlã, wall b ra zĩi zĩig ning b sẽn da maand yɩɩlã, bala zĩig ning b sẽn da maand yɩɩlã ra yaa zĩig sẽn tar nao a nii la pissi. Rũndã-rũndã, b sã n wa yɩɩndẽ wã, yɩɩn-gʋlsdbã na n zĩndame tɩ b zĩnd n dɩgse, wall b zĩnd zĩ-zãrsẽ wã, n kell n tall pipi yɩɩlã sẽn da yaa to-to wã, la wakat ning fãa, yɩɩn-gʋlsdbã sõor pa yɩɩd a yoob ye. B yetame tɩ yaa yel-manesemã n tar yõod n yɩɩda, la pa yel-manesemã bɩ bũmb nins sẽn be a poorẽ wã bal ye. Woto me, b zãaga b mens ne bũmb nins sẽn yaa sɩd-sɩdã, la b nong n makda tagsa wã n yɩɩd b sẽn na n dɩk-b wa b sẽn datã.
Repertoorã
[tekre | teke sidgem]Baa ne b sẽn gʋls kumi odori sɛb pis-yopoe wã, a Chokun ket n yaa ned ning sẽn tar pãn-tusdg n yɩɩdã. A sẽn maan bũmb ningã pa lingr ye, bala a sẽn maan bũmb ninsã fãa ra tara loees ne no-kãngã, tɩ yaa bũmb sẽn zems ne a kabuki wã sẽn dɩkd-a n maandã. A sõsgã ra kaoosda lɛɛr pʋɩ-sʋka, n pa wõnd lɛɛr a yiib la minit pis-naasã a sẽn da na n wa ne wã ye (Foley 3). Tʋʋm-kãensã b sẽn boond tɩ sewa mono wã yaa zags a yiibu, la b boond-b me tɩ jidai mono wã. Jidai mono wã, bɩ wags-m-mengã sẽn nong n boond tɩ (kataki-uchi mono wã) tika wags-m-mengã zugu, tɩ nonglem la biig sakr la wẽn-sakrã yaa sewa mono wã bõn-datl-kãsenga (Foley 8). Shushin kaneiri ket n yaa kumi odori wã tʋʋm-noor sẽn tar yõod n yɩɩdã, la a tara yɛl wʋsg sẽn wõnd Dojoji kɩbarã b sẽn togs ne teyatr tʋʋm-noor a taab wʋsgo. ⁇ Chokun ⁇ s a nu wã, ⁇ bɩ Chokun no goban, la b sẽn paas a tãab n paasã: Mekarushii (Bi-bɩɩs nins b sẽn basã), Onna monogurui (Pag ning sũ-sãoong sẽn sãamã), la Koko no maki (Kõor sẽn wilgd tɩ b yaa wẽn-sakdba) (Thornbury 232). A Tasato Chochoku, sẽn vɩɩmd yʋʋm 1703 n tãag 1773, yaa nin-kãseng a to sẽn naan tʋʋm sẽn kaoosd wa Manzai tekiuchi, sẽn dat n yeel tɩ "Wẽn-kɩɩsg pidsame". Sẽn yɩɩd fãa, a sẽn da maand bũmb ninsã ra gomda sɩbgr yelle, n leb n gomd kɩs-sɩd la pʋ-peelem yelle, la a leb n da maand kom-bõones me (Thornbury 232). A Oshiro Tatsuhiro sẽn maan vaeesg n na n lebg n wa ne gom-biis a nu yʋʋm 2001 wã, yaa b pipi tʋʋm-kãseng sẽn na n yɩll n maneg gom-biis nins b sẽn da gʋlsã. Yʋʋmd 1976 wã, a Kin Ryosho, sẽn da mi gom-biis nins b sẽn da gʋlsã sõma, la sẽn da yaa karen-saamb me, n sa a sẽn da tõe n toeem a sẽn da gʋlsã zĩis kẽere. A Kin Ryosho (金武良章, 1908 ⁇ 1993) zãmsa kumi odori ne pag ne rao la a pag fãa a Naha tʋʋma zĩigẽ. A ba wã a Kin Ryojin (1873-1936) n zãms-a, a Amuru Pechin karen-biiga, sẽn da yaa yɩɩl-gʋlsd sẽn da tar yʋʋre. A Noho Miyagi (宮城能 ⁇ ) yaa kumi odori wã ned a to sẽn yɩ nin-kãsems yʋʋm kob-gĩnd 20 soabã pʋgẽ. A sẽn zãms Genzo Tamagusuku wã poore, a zãmsa Okinawa Geino Daigaku (Université des Arts), n kõ a karen-biisa minim nins sẽn yaa tɩlae sẽn na yɩl n maan la b tall nin-kãensã sẽn yaa nin-tũudbã arzɛkã (Foley 237).[2]
Kumi odori rũndã-rũndã
[tekre | teke sidgem]Kumi odori wã lebgr beoog-daare bee zĩig sẽn zãre, bala sẽn maand-a wã tara yʋʋm sẽn kolg pis-yoob la a yoobe, la yaa toog tɩ b kɩt tɩ nebã nong-a, bala neb nins sẽn maand-a wã zoe n zãada b mens n zãmsd nebã la b vɩ b mens vɩɩmã pʋgẽ. Sẽn yɩɩd fãa, yaa Dento Kumi Odori Hozonkai wã neb n tʋmd n yɩɩda, la pagb sõor yɩɩda rapã, la baa b sõorã sã n tõe n tara paasgo, b sẽn pa rɩk b mens n kõ wã sã n mak ne yʋʋm nins sẽn dengã na n sɩnga n sãamd b minimã. Rũndã-rũndã, yaa neb bilf bal n tar sẽk bɩ ligd n na n dɩk b vɩɩmã zãng n zãms reem-dãmb nins b sẽn boond tɩ art classique wã. Neb wʋsg sẽn be Zapõ reemã pʋgẽ tẽedame tɩ kumi odori wã segd n toeema sẽn na yɩl n kell n tall yõod rũndã-rũndã. A Miyagi Noho sẽn yaa reemdã la karen-saamb ning sẽn tar yʋʋr wʋsgã yeelame tɩ sẽn na yɩl tɩ kumi odori wã kell n tall yõodo, b segd n manega a toore (Thornbury 241). Woto wõnda bõn-kãsenga, bala repertoɛɛrã pa paas wʋsg sẽn sɩng ne Rĩungã yʋʋmã ye, la b wilgame naoor wʋsg tɩ reemã segd n toeema sẽn na yɩl n tõog n tũ neb nins sẽn lebgd n paasd a soayã minimã, la a leb n yaa woto me ne reemã. B sã n pa le maand b sẽn datã, b pa le nong-a ye, la b pa le tar yõod ne-a ye. A Kin Ryosho, sẽn yaa ned a to sẽn tar yõod wʋsg Zapõ reemã pʋgẽ yeela woto: "Bũmb sã n lebg kãn-kãe, a kiime" (Foley 11). Sẽn na yɩl n wilg Okinawa nebã sẽn yaa to-to wã, b segd n zãmsa buud-gomdã la b bɩɩs-a tɩ zems ne b sẽn yaa to-to wã.