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Walls of Jerusalem

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The Walls of Jerusalem
scholarly article
TitleThe Walls of Jerusalem Tekre
Main subjectWalls of Jerusalem Tekre
AuthorCharles William Wilson Tekre
Language of work or nameEnglish Tekre
Publication dateSẽoog kiuugu 1905 Tekre
Published inPalestine Exploration Quarterly Tekre
Volume37 Tekre
Issue3 Tekre
Page(s)231-243 Tekre

Walls of Jerusalem

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Jerusalɛm Lalse (English: The Walls of Jerusalem) me n gilga Jerusalɛm tẽn-bedre kʋdga. Jerusalem sẽn da yɩ Ottoman Empire rẽnda 1535 sasa, la Sultan (Naaba) Suleiman I kõ noore t b leb n mẽ lalsa. Lalsa meebo tʋʋm da tʋma yʋʋma naase 1537 nɩ 1541 sʋka. Yʋʋmd tusri la kobs-nu vẽka mẽ, la F san gese Jerusalɛm zĩig mams-rẽesdem kʋto pʋge, fo nan yã lalsa.[1] [2]

Lalsa woglem yaa 4,018 mètr ramba (2.4966 mi), b zãndlem seka mètr piig la yi, tɩ b taglem yaa 2.5 mètr ramba. Lalsa tara gãosgo-baoa ramb pis-tã la naase nɩ zak-noya yopoe tɩ archaeology tʋʋmd ramb leb n pak so-bi ayiibu.

1981 yʋʋmd pʋge la b rik Jerusalɛm lalsa nɩ Jerusalɛm tẽn-bedre kʋdga n paas UNESCO World Heritage Site sõdgr sebra pʋge.[3]

Bugsi

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  1. Pre-Israelite tẽn-bedre
  2. Israelite tẽn-bedre
  3. Jewish postexilic tẽn-bedre
  4. Aelia Capitolina nɩ Byzantine Jerusalem
  5. Ottoman sasa
  6. Qasr Jalud
  7. Leb-n-ges-y
  8. Sẽbtiise

Pre-Israelite tẽn-bedre

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Lalse meeme n gili Jerusalem tẽn-bedre b neb koglr yĩnga tɩ yɩ hal yʋʋn kʋdgẽ wã. Middle Bronze Age pʋge, sebrsõngo sasa nina sẽn boond tɩ Patriarchs zamaana, b da mee tẽng nin sẽn yʋʋr ya Jebus wã Jerusalem wĩn-goabga yaanga kunkubra zugu. Lalsa-kẽere ket n be Siloam Tunnel wã yĩngri. T b tar Jebus n bãngr bɩɩ n boond Jerusalem yigsa no-koeemde. Niels Peter Lemche maana no-koeemde tɩ saan pa sebrsõngo pʋge yaa, Jerusalem tẽnga yʋʋr boolgo ka tek hal Near East kʋto goam pʋge.[4]

Wala a Amarna sɛba sẽn gʋlsg sɩnge BCE yʋʋm kobre piig la a naase-y wa (14th century), wʋsg ra yaa Jerusalem naab Abdi-Heba tɩ bool Jerusalem tɩ Urarusalim bi Urasalim. Amarna sɛba pʋge yɛsa b boond a la Beth-Shalem, a Shalem yiri.[5]

Israelite tẽn-bedre (ca. 1000-587/86 BCE)

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Jew ramba bɩ Jewish kʋdemde bɩ rog-m-mik pʋge, wa b sẽn yéel Tanakh pʋge wa, Jerusalem pa Jebusite tẽnga hal ti ta a David, t'a David tõog n fãag Jebus, n tek a yʋʋr tɩ David Tẽn-bedre n yaole n sɩng n yalgr tẽnga. A tẽnga ra ket n bee wĩn-goabga taoore

kunkubra zugu. A David biig a Solomon n mẽ tẽnga wẽnd doogo pipi-saoba kunkubra yĩngri. Wẽnd roog kanga yʋʋr la Temple Mount. Rẽ wa yĩng la a dõnege lalsa n kogle wẽnd rooga.

Pipi Wẽnd rooga (First Temple) sasa yaa, b dõnega lalsa n t paas wĩn-dɩʋtg taoore kunkubra mɩ, be la runda Jew ramba (Jewish) nɩ Armenian Quarter (Jerusalem) Quarter ramba sẽn yɛse.

B siiga tẽnga fãa 586/86 BCE, Babylon Nebuchadnezzar gʋbgra sasa.

Jewish postexilic tẽn-bedre

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Babylonia ramb fãagre nɩ Persia ramba mɩ sẽn toog fãag Jeruslem tẽnga Babylonia ramba ziigin poore, Persia naaba, Cyrus II basamɩ tɩ Jew ramba Lebg n kuili Judea n tɩ lebg n mẽ wẽnd rooga. Mẽeba baasa 516 BCE bɩɩ 430 BCE. La, Artaxerxes I bɩ na tõog n yi a Darius II bas tɩ Ezra la a Nehemiah lebg n wa mẽ tẽnga lalsa la b wa dɩ Judea tẽngã naam. B da dɩta naama tɩ tẽnga yaa Yehud porvẽese n be Persia ramb soolem. Second Temple wa wakat nin b sẽn boond tɩ Hasmonean sasa la b yalg lalsa n lebga Josephus First Wall wã (pipi lalga). Herod the Great wa n paasa lalg nina Josephus sẽn bool tɩ Second Wall wa n tʋd runda Jaffa Gate nɩ Temple Mount sʋka. Agrippa I (r. 41-44 CE) me wa n nadme n sɩng Third Wall wã meebo, tɩ a baasgo lʋi First Jewish-Roman War wã sɩngr sasa. Lalg kada kẽere ket n bee runda n pẽ ne Mandelbaum Gate yisãns koosga zĩiga.[6]

Aelia Capitolina nɩ Byzantine Jerusalem

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70 CE pʋge, Roman yãmbra sasa tɩ Jew ramba nɩ Roman ramba sẽn zabd t b boola tɩ First Jewish-Roman War wã yĩnga, ra keta bilfu tɩ lalsa fãa lʋi n sãame. Jerusalem sãamame n pa siigri pʋge n wa ta yʋʋm piiri yoobe la ka tar koglre lalga t ta yʋʋm kobre ayiibu.

Emperor Hadrian sẽn mẽ Roman tẽng nina sẽn pa wẽnd tẽnga, Aelia Capitolina wã da yasa zall n ka tar koglre lalse. Yʋʋm kobre ayiibu poore, la b mẽ lals paalse n gilg tẽnga Emperor Diocletian naamã sasa. Lalsa le lebg n mẽ paalga a Empress Aelia Eudocia sasa  a Jerusalem yiis buuudẽ wakat'a (443-460).

1033 yʋʋmda pʋge, Empress Eudocia lalsa wʋsg da siiga me ne tẽng rigingu. Fatimids lebg n mẽeb la me la b ka paas wĩn-goabg baobgo: Mount Zion nɩ a wẽnd rota, la wĩn-goabgsene kunkubra (City of David wã) nɩ Jew ramba yaglem nins sẽn yalse Temple Mount wã goabg baobgo. B sẽn maand 1099 Crusader yãmbre raoola, b le mẽeme n paas lalsa pãnga. Re wã ka tõog n fãag b ye. Sãamre baas n waame t b le mẽ a yaasa, t lebg sãame a Saladin sẽn fãag tẽnga 1187 sasa. Rɩk n yi 1202 n t ta 1212 pʋge, Saladin yaseng'a Al-Malik al-Mu'azzam Isa kõo nõor t b le mẽ lalsa, la a yika yʋʋmd 1219 n tʋdi n siiga lalsa fãa. Woto tɩ Crusaders wã wa tõog n fãag b tẽnga la b paam lalsa yõode. Dẽ wã yaa, tẽn-bedra yalsa koɛɛnga n ka tar lalga wa yʋʋm kobre a tãabo. Temple Mount/Haram ash-Sharif nɩ tãb-kaoore rooga bal n pa sasa kanga.

Ottoman sasa

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Yʋʋm kobre sẽn paas piig la a yoobe (16th century) pʋge, Ottoman Empire baobg'a pʋge naama sasa, Sultan (Naaba) Suleiman the Magnificent yãka noore n sare n mẽ lalsa kasɩ. B da mẽ b la Circa yʋʋmd 1537-1541. Lalse bamba n ket n be Jerusalem runda wã.

Arabe goam gʋlsgo be lalga zugu Suleiman the Magnificent naam sasa yet ti:

Yẽnda nina sẽn kogl alsɩlaamdo zaka n'a pãnga la pãn-yaoogẽ la a yẽese bõn-naandse pãn-soogo n'a pãn-zãare kõo nõor t b mẽ lalga, yẽ bala, nina Wẽnde sẽn bas t'a maan yɛmbga nɩ nanamse sẽn be tẽnse (Zãag nɩ yadbre) la a paame n fãag Caliphate wã naam geere, yẽnda, Sultan wã bi-rib-roagdga Sultan bi-rib-roagdga Sultan bi-rib-roagdga Sultan Suleiman.[7]

Qasr Jalud Sasa

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B sẽn gese Ottoman lalga wĩn-dɩʋtg taoora sẽkẽ, archaeology tʋʋm ramba yãa  gãosg-ro-bedre  peese-waklse sẽn-pa be, c. 35*35 metr, sakr b mẽ a lame 11th yʋʋm kobr Fatimids wakata pʋge, tɩ Franks wã fãag'a First Crusade zabra sɛɛbo 1099 sasa. Tudgri kaye t b yalg'a la Ayyubids a Saladin sẽn zab n fãag tẽnga 1187 yʋʋmda pʋge.[8] Arabe goam pʋge, b boo'nda gãosg doog kanga tɩ Qasr al-Jalud (Goliath's Tower). Moore lebg'da la "Goliath Gãosg-Doogo," tɩ Crusade ramba boo'nda tɩ Turris Tancredi (Latin goam Tancred Tower). Turris Tancredi yʋʋra yita b kam-bõang-kãsm nina yʋʋr sẽn bool tɩ Tancred of Hauteville sẽn da zab n bek Fatimids ramba solgr ziiga 1099 tãb-kaoora wakata. Gãosg-dooga nɩ tẽn-bedra zãng da pĩnd n sãamame tɩ Ottoman Turks ramba nan ka mẽ b rɩnda ye.[8][9]

Leb-n-ges-y

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  • Clifford Holliday, Mandate-sasa meebo-naanda sẽn naane bũmb mams rẽesdem zu-soab n kõ Jerusalem n'a tẽn-kʋdga (Old City) lalse.
  • Broad Wall (Jerusalem) - Jerusalem tẽn-bedre lalga sẽn yit Hezekiah naam sasa (ca. 700 BCE)
  • Jerusalem Old City (Tẽn-Kʋdgo) Tẽn-bedre zag-noore
  • Temple Mount Wĩn-goabg Lalga (Southern Wall)
  • Western Wall (Nen-taoore Lalga) - B le boo'nda la "Wailing Wall" (Wõosre Lalga)
  • Walls of Jerusalem National Park (Jerusalem Lalse Tẽng-sondg Yalsg-zĩiga) - yaa tẽng-sondg yalsg-zĩig nin sẽn be Tasmania, Australia tẽng pʋge. B pʋda la yʋʋra n sig Jerusalem lalsa b sẽn tar halaal pĩisi t b wẽnege ne lalsa.

Walls of Jerusalem gilga têng kodgr m'be Jerusalem wã.Yʋʋmde 1535 pugin, Jerusalem dâ an pãas-ã Ottoman Empire, Sultan Suleiman I kõ noore ti b viig lalsa n maneg n me, lalsa viigda tʋʋma dâ maana yʋʋm anaasi rɩki chang yʋʋm 1537 hali ni yʋʋm 1541.A lalsa yé vẽnega m'be Jerusalem zĩig mams-rẽesdem kʋdga yʋʋm 1,500 n looga.

Lalsa woglem ya 4,018 dekametr-kaare (2.4966 mi), ti a sʋgre yĩngra ya 12 dekametr-kaare (39.37 feet) la a ralenga ya 2.5 dekametr-kaare (8.2 feet). Lalsa tara gũudba 34 la pagdse ayopoe ti pagse n ya bug-rãmb bɛoondga la pagdse ayibu ti rɩna ya archaeologists ramba pakre.

Yʋʋmde 1981, Jerusalem lalsa dâ an rɩki paasa ni Jerusalem têng kuda ti yé UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Sebtiise

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  1. ↑ Jerome Murphy-O’Connor https://books.google.com/books?id=m3Yy9FDcT8gC&pg=PT48
  2. ↑ http://www.antiquities.org.il/jerusalemwalls/hstry_12_eng.asp
  3. ↑ https://whc.unesco.org/archive/repext81.htm#148
  4. ↑ See, e,g,, Holman Bible Dictionary, op. cit. supra.
  5. ↑ Urusalim e.g. in EA 289:014, Urušalim e.g. in EA 287:025. Transcription online at "The El Amarna Letters from Canaan". Tau.ac.il. Retrieved 11 September 2010. ; translation by Knudtzon 1915 (English in Percy Stuart Peache Handcock, Selections from the Tell El-Amarna letters (1920).
  6. ↑ Josephus, De Bello Judaico (Wars of the Jews) v.iv.§ 2
  7. ↑ Building inscription commemorating the rebuilding of the walls of Jerusalem, Accession number: IAA 1942-265
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Boas, Adrian J. (2001). "Physical remains of Crusader Jerusalem". Jerusalem in the Time of the Crusades: Society, Landscape and Art in the Holy City Under Frankish Rule. Routledge. pp. 69–70. ISBN 9781134582723. Retrieved 15 June 2020.
  9. ↑ Tancred's Tower / Qasr Jalud (Goliath's Castle), Institute for International Urban Development (I2UD), accessed June 2020 
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